The Harbour: Its Marine, 1793-99
 THE first formal survey of the harbour of Toronto was made by Joseph Bouchette in 1793. His description of the bay
 and its surroundings at that date is, with the historians of Upper Canada, a
 classic passage. For the completeness of our narrative it must be produced once
 more. "It fell to my lot," says Bouchette,"to make the first survey of York Harbour in 1793." And he explains how this
 happened. "Lieutenant-Governor, the late Gen. Simcoe, who then resided at Navy Hall, Niagara, having," he says, "formed
 extensive plans for the improvement of the colony, had resolved upon laying the
 foundations of a provincial capital. I was at that period in the naval service
 of the Lakes, and the survey of Toronto (York) Harbour
 was entrusted by his Excellency to my performance."
 He then thus proceeds, writing, we may observe, in 1831 still
 distinctly recollect the untamed aspect which the country exhibited when first I
 entered the beautiful basin, which thus became the scene of my early
 hydrographical operations. Dense and trackless forests lined the margin of the
 lake and reflected their inverted images in its glassy surface. The wandering
 savage had constructed his ephemeral habitation beneath their luxuriant foliage
 - the group then consisting of two families of Mississagas, - the bay and
 neighbouring marshes were the hitherto uninvaded haunts of immense coveys of
 wild fowl. Indeed, they were so abundant," he adds, "as in some measure to annoy
 us during the might." The passage is to be found in a note at p. 89 of volume
 one of the quarto edition of "The British Dominions in North
 America," published in London in 1831.
 The winter of 1792-3 was in Upper Canada a favourable one for
 explorers. "We have had a remarkably mild winter," says the Gazette in its
 first number, dated April 18, 1793; " the thermometer in the severest time has
 not been lower than nine degrees above zero, by Fahrenheit's scale. Lake Erie has not been frozen over, and
 there has been very little ice on Lake
 Ontario." The same paper informs us that "his Majesty's sloop, the
 Caldwell, sailed
 the 5th instant (April), from Niagara, for fort Ontario (Oswego) and Kingston."
 Also that "on Monday evening (13th) there arrived in the river (at Niagara) his Majesty's armed schooner,
 the Onondago, in company
 with the Lady
 Dorchester, merchantman, after an agreeable passage (from
 Kingston) of thirty-six hours."
 (The following gentlemen, it is noted, came passengers:- J. Small, Esq., Clerk of the Executive Council; Lieut. McCan, of the 60th regiment;
 Capt. Thos. Fraser, Mr. J. Denison, Mr. Joseph Forsyth, merchant, Mr.
 L. Crawford, Capt. Archibald Macdonald, - Hathaway.)
 Again, on May 2nd, the information is given that " on Sunday morning
 early, his Majesty's sloop Caldwell arrived here (Niagara) from Kingston, which place she left on Thursday - but was obliged to
 anchor off the bar of this river part of Saturday night. And on Monday also
 arrived from Kingston the
 Onondago, in
 twenty-three hours."
 Joseph Bouchette
 in 1793 must have been under twenty years of age. He was born in 1774. He was
 the son of Commodore
 Bouchette, who in 1793 had command of the Naval Force on Lake Ontario. When Joseph Bouchette first
 entered the harbour of Toronto, as
 described above, he was not without associates. He was probably one of an
 exploring party which set out from Niagara in May, 1793. It would appear that the Governor himself paid
 his first visit to the intended site of the capital of his young province on the
 same occasion.
 In the Gazette of Thursday, May 9th 1793, published at Newark or
 Niagara, we have the following
 record:- "On Thursday last (this would be May the 3rd) his Excellency the
 Lieutenant-Governor, accompanied by several military gentlemen, set out in boats
 for Toronto, round the Head of the
 Lake Ontario, by Burlington
 Bay; and in the evening his Majesty's vessels the Caldwell and Buffalo, sailed for the same
 place." Supposing the boats which Proceeded round the Head of the Lake to have
 arrived at the cleared spot where the French stockaded trading-post of Toronto had stood, on Saturday, the
 4th, the inspection of the harbour and its surroundings by the Governor and
 military gentlemen" occupied a little less than a week; for we find that on
 Monday, the 13th, they are back again in safety at Niagara. The Gazette of Thursday, the 16th of May,
 thus announces their return : "On Monday (the 13th) .about 2 o'clock, his
 Excellency the Lieut.-Governor and suite arrived at Navy Hall from Toronto; they returned in boats round
 the Lake."
 It is probable that Bouchette was left behind, perhaps with the Caldwell and Buffalo, to complete the survey
 of the harbour. (in the work above named is a reduction of Bouchette's chart of the
 harbour with the soundings and bottom; also with lines shewing "the breaking of
 the ice in the spring." His minute delineation of the pinion-shaped peninsula of
 sand which forms the outer boundary of Toronto bay, enables the observer to see very clearly how, by
 long-continued drift from the cast, that barrier was gradually thrown up; as,
 also, how inevitable were the marshes at the outlet of the Don.)
 The excursion from Niagara,
 just described, was the Governor's first visit to the harbour of Toronto, and we may suppose the
 Caldwell and the
 Buffalo to have been
 the first sailing-craft of any considerable magnitude that ever stirred its
 waters. In April 1793, the Governor had not yet visited Toronto. We learn this from a letter dated the 5th of
 that month, addressed by him to Major-General Clarke, at Quebec. Gen.
 Clarke was the Lieut. Governor in Lower Canada. Lord Dorchester,
 the Governor General himself, was absent in England. "Many American officers," Gen. Simcoe says to Gen. Clarke on the 5th of April, "give it as their
 opinion that Niagara should be
 attacked, and that Detroit must fall
 of course. I hope by this autumn," he continues, "to show the fallacy of this
 reasoning, by opening a safe and expeditious communication to La Tranche. But on this subject
 reserve myself till I have visited Toronto."
 The safe and expeditious communication referred to was the great
 military road, Dundas Street,
 projected by the Governor to connect the port and arsenal at Toronto with the Thames and Detroit. It was in the February and March of this very
 same year, 1793, that the Governor had made, partly on foot, and partly in
 sleighs, his famous exploratory tour through the woods from Niagara to Detroit and back, with a view to the establishment of
 this communication.
 On the 31st of May he is writing again to Gen. Clarke, at Quebec. He has now, as we have seen,
 been at Toronto; and he speaks
 warmly of the advantages which the site appeared to him to possess. "It is with
 great pleasure that I offer to you," he says, "some observations upon the
 Military strength and Naval convenience of Toronto (now York) [he
 adds], which I propose immediately to occupy. I lately examined the harbour," he
 continues, "accompanied by such officers, naval and military, as I thought most
 competent to give me assistance therein, and upon minute investigation I found
 it to be, without comparison, the most proper situation for an arsenal, in every
 extent of that word, that can be met with in this Province."
 The words, "now York,"
 appended here and in later documents to "Toronto," show that an official change of name had taken place. The
 alteration was made between the 15th and 31st of May. No proclamation, however,
 announcing its change, is to be found either in the local Gazette or in
 the archives at Ottawa.
 Nor is there any allusion to the contemplated works at York either in the opening or closing
 speech delivered by the Governor to the houses of parliament, which met at Niagara for their second session on
 the 28th of May, and were dismissed to their homes again on the 9th of the
 following July. We may suppose the minds of the members and other persons of
 influence otherwise prepared for the coming changes, chiefly perhaps by means of
 friendly conferences.
 The Governor's scheme may, for example, have been one of the topics of
 conversation at the levee - ball and supper on the King's birthday, which,
 happening during the parliamentary session, was observed with considerable
 ceremony. - "On Tuesday last, the fourth of June," says the Gazette of the
 period, "being the anniversary of his Majesty's birthday, his Excellency the
 Lieutenant Governor held a levee at Navy Hall. At one the troops in garrison and
 at Queenston fired three volleys.
 The field pieces above Navy Hall under the direction of the Royal Artillery, and
 the guns at the garrison, fired a royal salute. In the evening," the Gazette
 further reports, "his Excellency gave a Ball and elegant supper in the Council
 Chamber, which was most numerously attended."
 Of this ball and supper another brief notice is extant. It chanced that
 three distinguished Americans were among the guests-Gen. Lincoln, Col. Pickering, and Mr. Randolph, United States
 commissioners on their way, via Niagara, to a great Council of the Western Indians, about to be held
 at the Miami river. In his private
 journal, since printed in the Massachusetts Historical Collections,
 Gen. Lincoln made the
 following note of the Governor's entertainment at Niagara :- "The ball," he says, " was attended by about
 twenty well-dressed and handsome ladies, and about three times that number of
 gentlemen. They danced," he records," from seven o'clock till eleven, when
 supper was announced, and served in very pretty taste. The music and dancing,"
 it is added, " was good, and everything was conducted with propriety." This
 probably was the first time the royal birthday was observed at Niagara in an official way.
 Soon after the prorogation, July the 9th, steps preparatory to a
 removal to York began to be taken.
 Troops, for example, were transported across to the north side of the Lake. "A few days ago," says the
 Gazette of Thursday, August the 1st, 1793, "the first
 Division of his Majesty's Corps of Queen's Rangers left Queenston for Toronto-now York [it is carefully added], and proceeded in batteaux
 round the head of the Lake Ontario,
 by Burlington Bay. And
 shortly afterwards another division of the same regiment sailed in the King's
 vessels, the Onondago and
 Caldwell, for the
 same place."
 It is evident the Governor, as he expressed himself to Gen. Clarke, in the letter of
 May 31, is about "immediately to occupy " the site which seemed to him so
 eligible for an arsenal and strong military post. Accordingly, having thus sent
 forward two divisions of the regiment whose name is so intimately associated
 with his own, to be a guard to receive him on his own arrival, and to be
 otherwise usefully employed, we find the Governor himself embarking for the same
 spot. "On Monday evening [this would be Monday, the 29th of July]," the
 Gazette just quoted informs us, " his Excellency the
 Lieutenant-Governor left Navy Hall and embarked on board his Majesty's schooner,
 the Mississaga, which
 sailed immediately with a favourable gale for York, with the remainder of the Queen's Rangers." - On
 the following morning, July 30, 1793, they would, with the aid of the "
 favourable gale," be at anchor in the harbour of York.
 Major
 Littlehales, the Governor's faithful secretary, remains behind until
 the following Thursday, August the 1st, engaged probably in arranging household
 matters for the Governor, an absence from Navy Hall of some duration being
 contemplated. He then crosses the
 Lake in the Caldwell, and joins his Chief. At the same time start Chief justice Osgoode and Mr. Attorney General White for the
 East, to hold the circuit. " On Thursday evening, the 1st instant," says the
 Gazette of the 8th of August, "his Majesty's armed vessels
 the Onondago and the
 Caldwell sailed
 from this place (Niagara). The
 former, for Kingston, had on board
 the Hon. William Osgoode,
 Chief justice of this Province, and John
 White, Esq., Attorney General, who are going to hold the circuits at
 Kingston and Johnstown. Major Littlehales
 sailed in the latter, for York, to
 join his Excellency's suite."
 We should have been glad of a minute account of each day's proceedings
 on the landing of the troops at York, and the arrival there of the Governor and his suite. But we can
 readily imagine the Rangers establishing themselves under canvas on the grassy
 glade where formerly stood the old French trading-post. We can imagine them
 landing stores-a few cannon and some other munitions of war-from the ships;
 landing the parts and appurtenances of the famous canvas-house which the
 Governor had provided for the shelter of himself and his family, and which, as
 we have before noted, was originally constructed for the use of Captain Cook in one of the scientific
 expeditions commanded by that celebrated circumnavigator.
 The canvas-house must have been a pavilion of considerable capacity,
 and was doubtless pitched and fixed with particular care by the soldiers and
 others, wherever its precise situation was determined. It was, as it were, the
 praetorium of the camp, but moveable. We can conceive of it as being set down,
 in the first instance, on the site of the French fort, and then at a later
 period, or on the occasion of a later visit to York, shifted to one of the knolls overlooking the
 little stream known subsequently as the Garrison creek; and shifted again, at
 another visit, to a position still farther east, where a second small stream
 meandered between steep banks into the Bay, at the point where a Government ship
 building yard was in after years established. (Tradition places the canvas-house
 on several sites.)
 We can conceive, too, all hands, sailors as well as soldiers, busy in
 opening eastward through the woods along the shore, a path that should be more
 respectable and more useful for military and civil, purposes than the Indian
 trail which they would already find there, leading directly to the quarter
 where, at the farther end ofthe Bay, the town-plot was designed to be laid out,
 and the Government buildings were intended to be erected.
 On the 8th of August we know the Governor was engaged at York in writing to the Indian Chief Brant, from whom a runner has
 just arrived all the way from the entrance to the Detroit river.
 Brant, finding the conference
 between his compatriots and the United States authorities likely to end
 unsatisfactorily, sent to solicit Governor Simcoe's interposition, especially in regard to the
 boundary line which the Indians of the West insisted on-the Ohio river. Thus runs the Governor's
 reply, written at York on the 8th:-
 "Since the Government of the United States," he says, " have shown a
 disinclination to concur with the Indian nations in requesting of his Majesty
 permission for me to attend at Sandusky as mediator, it would be highly improper and unreasonable
 in me to give an opinion relative to the proposed boundaries, with which I am
 not sufficiently acquainted, and which question I have studiously avoided
 entering into, as I am well aware of the jealousies entertained by some of the
 subjects of the United States of the interference of the British Government,
 which has a natural and decided interest in the welfare of the Indian nations,
 and in the establishment of peace and permanent tranquillity. In this situation,
 I am sure you will excuse me from giving to you any advice, which, from my
 absence from the spot, cannot possibly arise from that perfect view and
 knowledge which so important a subject necessarily demands."
 The controversy in the West, in relation to which the Governor is thus
 cautiously expressing himself to the Indian Chief on the 8th of August was a
 subject for cabinet consideration; a matter only for the few. But towards the
 close of the month, news from a different quarter - from the outer world of the
 far European East - reached the infant York, suitable to be divulged to the many and turned to public
 account. It was known that hostilities were going on between the allied forces
 of Europe and the armies of Revolutionary France. And now came intelligence that
 the English contingent on the continent had contributed materially to a success
 over the French in Flanders on the 23rd of May last. Now this contingent, 10,000
 men, was under the command of the Duke of York, the King's son. A happy thought
 strikes the Governor. What could be more appropriate than to celebrate the good
 news in a demonstrative manner on a spot which in honour of that Prince had been
 named YORK.
 Accordingly, on the 26th of August, we find the following General Order
 issued:-"York, Upper Canada,
 26th of August, 1793 His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor having received
 information of the success of his Majesty's arms, under His Royal Highness the
 Duke of York, by which Holland has been saved from the invasion of the French
 armies,-and it appearing that the combined forces have been successful in
 dislodging their enemies from an entrenched camp supposed to be impregnable,
 from which the most important consequences may be expected; and in which arduous
 attempts His Royal Highness the Duke of York and His Majesty's troops supported
 the national glory:-It is His Excellency's orders that on the rising of the
 Union Flag at twelve o'clock to-morrow a Royal Salute of twenty-one guns is to
 be fired, to be answered by the shipping in the Harbour, in respect to His Royal
 Highness and in commemoration of the naming this Harbour from his English title,
 YORK. E. B.
 Littlehales, Major of Brigade."
 These orders, we are to presume, were punctually obeyed; and we are
 inclined to think that the running up of the Union Flag at noon on Tuesday, the
 27th day of August, and the salutes which immediately after reverberated through
 the woods and rolled far down and across the silvery surface of the Lake, were intended to be
 regarded as the true inauguration of the Upper Canadian YORK. The rejoicing,
 indeed, as it proved, was somewhat premature. The success which distinguished
 the first operations of the royal duke did not continue to attend his efforts.
 Nevertheless, the report of the honours rendered in this remote portion of the
 globe, would be grateful to the fatherly heart of the King.
 On the Saturday after the Royal Salutes, the first meeting of the
 Executive Council ever held in York,
 took place in the garrison; in the canvas-house, as we may suppose. " The first
 Council," writes Mr. W. H. Lee from
 Ottawa, " held at the garrison,
 York, late Toronto, at which Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe
 was present, was on Saturday, 31st August, 1793." It transacted business there,
 Mr. Lee says, until the
 following fifth of September, when the Government returned to Navy Hall. Still,
 the Governor and his family passed the ensuing winter at York. Bouchette speaks of his inhabiting the canvas-house "through the
 winter;" and under date of York, on
 the 23rd of the following February (1794), we have him writing to Mr. Secretary Dundas.
 In the despatch of the day just named, after a now prolonged experience
 of the newly-established post, the Governor thus glowingly speaks of it: "York," he says, "is the most important
 and defensible situation in Upper Canada, or that I have seen," he even adds,
 "in North America. I have, sir,'' he continues, "formerly entered into a detail
 of the advantages of this arsenal of Lake
 Ontario. An interval of Indian land of six and thirty miles divides
 this settlement from Burlington
 Bay, where that of Niagara commences. Its communication with Lake Huron is very easy in five or six days, and will in
 all respects be of the most essential importance."
 Before the channel at the entrance of the Harbour of York was visibly marked or buoyed, the
 wide-spread shoal to the west and south must have been very treacherous to craft
 seeking to approach the new settlement. In 1794 we hear of the Commodore's
 vessel, " the Anondaga, of
 14 guns," being stranded here and given up for lost. We hear likewise that the
 Commodore's son, Joseph
 Bouchette, the first surveyor of the harbour, distinguished himself
 by managing to get the same Anondaga
 off, after she had been abandoned; and we are told of his assuming the command
 and sailing with her to Niagara,
 where he is received amidst the cheers of the garrison and others assembled on
 the shores to greet the rescued vessel.
 This exploit, of which he was naturally proud, and for which he was
 promoted on the 12th of May, 1794, to the rank of Second Lieutenant, Bouchette duly commemorates
 on his chart of York Harbour by
 conspicuously marking the spot where the stranded ship lay, and appending the
 note-" H. M. Schooner Anondaga, 14 guns, wrecked, but raised by Lieutenant Joseph Bouchette and
 brought to." (A small two-masted vessel is seen lying on the north-west bend of
 the great shoal at the entrance of the Harbour.) - A second point is likewise
 marked on the map "where she again grounded but was afterwards brought to."
 (Here again a small vessel is seen lying at the edge of the shoal, but now
 towards its northern point.) The Chart, which was originally engraved for Bouchette's octavo book,
 "A Topographical Description of Canada,
 &c.," published in 1815, is repeated with the marks and
 accompanying notes, from the same plate, in the quarto work of 1831 - "The British Dominions in North America." The Anondaga of the Bouchette narrative is, as
 we suppose, the Onondago of
 the Gazette, which, as we have seen, helped to take over the
 Rangers in August, 1793. The same uncertainty, which we have had occasion
 repeatedly to notice, in regard to the orthography of aboriginal words in
 general, rendered it doubtful with the public at large as to how the names of
 some of the Royal vessels should be spelt.
 It is to be observed in passing, that when in his account of the first
 survey of the Harbour in 1793, Bouchette speaks of the Lieutenant-Governor removing from Niagara with his regiment of Queen's
 Rangers " in the following spring," he probably means in the later portion of
 the spring of the same year 1793, because, as we have already seen, the
 Gazettes of the day prove that the Lieutenant-Governor did
 proceed to the 'site of the new capital with the Rangers in 1793. Bouchette's words as they
 stand in his quarto book, imply, in some degree, that 1794 was the year in which
 the Governor and his Rangers first came over from Niagara. In the earlier octavo book his words were: "In
 the year 1793 the spot on which York
 stands presented only one solitary wigwam ; in the ensuing spring the ground for
 the future metropolis of Upper Canada was fixed upon, and the buildings
 commenced under the immediate superintendence of the late General Simcoe, the Lieut. Governor:
 in the space of five or six years it became a respectable place."
 Bouchette was
 possibly recalling the commencement of the Public Buildings in 1794, when in his
 second work, published in 1831, he inserted the note which has given rise, in
 the minds of some, to a slight doubt as to whether 1793 or 1794 was the year of
 the founding of York. The
 Gazettes, as we have seen, shew that 1793 was the year. The
 Gazettes also shew that the so called Public Buildings, i.e.,
 the Parliamentary Buildings, were not begun until 1794. Thus, in the Gazette of
 July 10, 1794, we read the advertisement : "Wanted: Carpenters for the Public
 Buildings to be erected at York.
 Application to be made to John
 McGill, Esq., at York, or
 to Mr. Allan Macnab at Navy
 Hall." On the 23rd of February, 1794, Governor Simcoe was, as we noted above, writing a
 despatch at York to Mr. Secretary Dundas. So early in
 the season as the 17th of March, however, he is on the move for the rapids of
 the Miami river, at the upper end of
 Lake Erie, to establish an
 additional military post in that quarter, the threatened encroachments on the
 Indian lands north of the Ohio by the
 United States rendering such a
 demonstration expedient. He is, of course, acting under instructions from
 superior authority. In the MS. map to which reference has before been made, the
 Governor's route on this occasion is marked; and the following note is
 appended:- "Lieut.-Governor
 Simcoe's route from York
 to the Thames, down that river in
 canoes to Detroit; from thence to
 the Miami to build the fort
 Lord
 Dorchester ordered to be built; left York March 17th, 1794; returned by Erie and Niagara to York, May
 5th, 1794."
 In the following August, Gov. Simcoe is at Newark or Niagara. On the 18th of that month he has just heard of an
 engagement between the United States forces under General Wayne and the Indians, close to the new fort on
 the Miami, and he writes to
 Brant that he is about to
 proceed in person to the scene of action "by the first vessel." On the 30th of
 September he is there ; and on the 10th of October following, he is attending a
 Council of Chiefs in company with Brant, at the southern entrance of the Detroit river. A cessation of hostilities on the part of
 the Indians is urged, until the spring; and, for himself, he says to the
 assembly: " I will go down to Quebec
 and lay your grievances before the Great Man [the Onnontio probably was the
 word]. From thence they will be forwarded to the King your Father. Next spring
 you will know the result of everything-what you and I will do."
 On the 14th of November the Governor is at Newark embarking again for
 York and the East. In the
 Gazette of Dec. 10, we have the announcement : " His
 Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor left this town (Newark) on the I 4th ultimo,
 on his way, via York, to the eastern
 part of the Province, where it is expected lie will spend the winter." He
 appears to have left York on the 5th
 of December in an open boat. The MS. map gives the route, with the note : "
 Lieut.-Gov. Simcoe's track
 from York to Kingston in an open boat, Dec. 5,
 1794." On the 20th of the same month he is writing a despatch at Kingston to the "Lords of the
 Committee of His Majesty's Council for Trade and Plantations" and we learn from
 the document that the neighbourhood of York, if not York
 itself, was becoming populous. The Governor says to their Lordships: " Having
 stated to Mr. Secretary Dundas
 the great importance which I attached to York (late Toronto), and
 received directions to give due encouragement to the settlement, it is with
 great pleasure that I am to observe that seventy families at least are settling
 in its vicinity, and principally on the communication between York and Holland's River, which falls into Lake Simcoe." (The German families
 these, principally, who were brought over by Mr. Berczy from the Pulteney settlement in the
 Genesee
 country, on the opposite side of the
 Lake.)
 The proposed journey to and from Quebec may have been accomplished after the 20th of December.
 In June of the following year, 1795, the Governor is at Navy Hall,
 Newark. He receives and entertains there for eighteen days the French Royalist
 Duke de Liancourt, who is on his travels on the American continent.
 The Duke does not visit York; but
 two of his travelling companions, MM. du Pettithouars and Guillemard take a run over and report to him that there "had been no
 more than twelve houses hitherto built at York." The barracks, they say, stand on the roadstead two miles from
 the town, and near the Lake. The
 duke adds: "Desertion, I am told, is very frequent among the soldiers."
 While staying at Navy Hall, the Duke de
 Liancourt was taken over the Fort on the opposite side of the river; he also afterwards dined
 therewith the officers. "With very obliging politeness," the duke says," the
 Governor conducted us over the
 Fort, which be is very loth to visit, since he is sure that he will
 be obliged to deliver it up to the Americans."-In fact it was made over to them
 under Jay's Treaty in this very year 1794, along with Oswego, Detroit, Miami, and Michilimackinac, though not
 actually surrendered until 1796. And this was the somewhat inglorious
 termination of the difficulties between the Indian allies of England and the
 United States Government, which had compelled the Governor again and again to
 undertake toilsome journeys to the West." Thirty artillerymen," the duke notes,
 " and eight companies of the Fifth Regiment form the garrison of the Fort. Two days after the
 visit," be continues, " we dined in the Fort at Major
 Seward's, an officer of elegant, polite and amiable manners, who
 seems to be much respected by the gentlemen of his profession. He and Mr. Pilkington, an officer of
 the corps of Engineers, are the military gentlemen we have most frequently seen
 during our residence in this place, and whom the Governor most distinguishes
 from the rest."
 In 1796 Governor
 Simcoe was ordered to the West
 Indies. He met his Parliament at Newark on the 16th of May, and
 prorogued it on the 3rd of June, after assenting to seven Acts.
 In the Gazette of Sept. 11, 1796, a proclamation from Peter Russell announces that "His
 most gracious Majesty has been pleased to grant his royal leave of absence
 to his Excellency Major
 General Simcoe," and that consequently the government pro
 tem had devolved upon himself.
 In the November following, Mr.
 Russell, now entitled President, comes over from Niagara in the Mohawk The Gazette of
 Nov. 4, 1796 (still published at Niagara), announces: "Yesterday (Nov. 3), his Honour the President
 of the Province and family sailed in the Mohawk for York. On his departure he was saluted with a discharge of cannon at
 Fort George, which was
 answered by three cheers from on board." (Fort George, afterwards famous in Canadian annals, and
 whose extensive remains are still conspicuous, had now been constructed, on the
 west side of the river, close by Newark or Niagara, as a kind of counterpoise to the French Fort on the east
 side of the river, immediately opposite, which had just been surrendered to the
 United States.)
 It is briefly noted in the Gazette of the 26th of January in the
 following year (1797), that the President's new house at York had been destroyed by fire. This may account for
 his being at Niagara in May (1797),
 and sailing over again in the Mohawk to York,
 apparently to open Parliament. The Gazette of the 31st of May, 1797, says :
 " On Saturday last, sailed in the Mohawk for York, his Honour the Administrator, and several members of the
 Parliament of the Province."
 (The Mohawk had come
 up from Kingston on the 27th of
 April. On the 28th of that month a vessel had arrived at Niagara, bearing the name of the late Governor. The
 Gazette Of May 3, 1797, thus speaks: "On Sunday last, arrived
 from Kingston his Majesty's armed
 vessel the Mohawk; and on
 Monday last, the Governor Simcoe,
 being their first voyage.")
 The Gazette of the 31st, in addition to the departure of the
 Mohawk for York, as above, gives us also the
 following piece of information whence we learn that in the trade of the Lake, a corn petition from the
 United States side was about to begin:- "On the same day (the day when the
 Mohawk sailed for
 York), arrived here (Niagara) a Deck-boat, built and owned
 by Col. John Van
 Rensselaer, of Lansingburg, on the North River. This enterprising gentleman," the
 Gazette says, "built and completed this and one other of the
 same bigness (fifty barrels burden), and conveyed them by high waters to Oswego, and arrived there without
 injury this spring. They are to ply continually between Oswego and this place and Kingston."
 On July the 3rd, 1797, the return of President Russell to Niagara in the Mohawk is announced. (The exact situation of Mr. Russell's house at Niagara may be deduced from a
 memorandum in the papers of Augustus
 Jones, the surveyor, dated Aug., 1796. It runs as follows:- "S. 61
 W., 34 chains, 34 links from the north-west corner of the Block-house above Navy
 Hall to the S. E. angle of the Hon. P.
 Russell's house: at 24 chains, a fence."
 During the stormy season at the close of the year 1797, a momentary
 apprehension was felt at Niagara for
 the safety of the Mohawk. In
 a Gazette
 of December in this year we read: " West Niagara, Dec. 2. Fears for the fate of the Mohawk are entertained. It is said minute guns
 were distinctly heard through most of Thursday before last; but we hope she has
 suffered no further than being driven back to Kingston. The Onondaga," it is added, " which was aground in Hungry Bay at our last intelligence,
 was in a fair way of being gotten off." In the next Gazette, the
 number for Dec., 9, it is announced that "since our last, arrived here the
 Simcoe, from
 Kingston, by which we learn
 that the Mohawk had returned
 there, after having her bowsprit and a considerable part of her sails carried
 away in the storm." It is also stated of the Onondaga, that "she had gained that Port
 without material injury sustained in Hungry
 Bay."
 In the Gazette of May 19, in the following year, 1798, the
 Simcoe again
 appears. At the same time the name of the commander of the vessel is given.
 "West Niagara: By the arrival of the
 schooner Simcoe,
 Capt. Murney, from Kingston, we are informed that
 upwards of a hundred houses in the Lower Province have been carried away by the
 ice this spring." The Capt.
 Murney here mentioned, as being in command of the Simcoe, was the father
 of the Hon. Edward Murney, of
 Belleville. He built and
 owned in 1801 another vessel named the Prince Edward, capable of carrying 700 barrels
 of flour in her hold. We are told of this vessel, that she was built wholly of
 red cedar.
 In the Gazette of May 26, 1798, we hear of a "good sloop "
 constructed of black walnut. She is about to be sold. "To be sold," the
 Gazette says, " on the stocks at the Bay of Long Point (near Kingston), at any time before the
 28th of June next, a good sloop ready for launching, in good order, and
 warranted sound and masterly built. She is formed of the best black walnut
 timber, 38 tons burden, and calculated for carrying timber." We are told further
 in respect to this sloop, that "she will be sold by consent of Mr. Troyer, and a good title with a
 warranty given on the sale. The conditions are for cash only; one-half down, and
 the other in three months, with approved security for payment. Wm. Dealy." J. Troyer adds: " I approve of the
 above." Again, it is subjoined: "All persons having demands on said Dealy are
 requested to exhibit them before the 28th of June, that the same may be paid one
 month thereafter. May 24, 1798."
 On Monday, the 14th of October, in the year just named, a Mr. Cornwall was drowned by falling
 out of a boat into the Lake, near
 the Garrison at York. In the
 Gazette of the 27th it is noted that "on Monday last the body
 of Mr. Cornwall, who was
 unfortunately drowned the 14th instant, by falling out of a boat into the Lake, near the Garrison, was
 taken up at the Etobicoke. The
 coroner's inquest sat on the body," it is added, "and brought in a verdict
 'accidental death.'" (In this Gazette Etobicoke is curiously printed
 Toby Cove.)
 Boisterous weather gave rise to the usual disasters and inconveniences
 in the autumn of 1798. "During the heavy gales of wind," says the Gazette of
 Nov. 24, "which we have had, a vessel loaded with sundry goods was drove on
 shore at the Mississaga
 point at Newark (Niagara), and another vessel belonging to this town (York) was drove on a place called
 the Ducks, where she
 received considerable damage."
 In August, 1799, Governor
 Hunter, lately appointed, arrived in York Harbour in the Speedy. The Niagara Constellation of Aug. 23, 1799 gives us the
 information. It says "His Excellency, Governor Hunter, arrived at York on Friday morning last in the Speedy. On landing," we are told, "he was
 received by a party of the Queen's Rangers; and at one o'clock p.m. was waited
 on at his Honour's the President's, by the military officers, and congratulated
 on his safe arrival and appointment to the government of the Province."
 On the 5th of September he has gone over to Niagara. The Constellation of the 6th thus notices his
 arrival there : " Yesterday morning, arrived here from York his Excellency Governor Hunter. He was saluted by a discharge of
 twenty-one guns from Fort
 George. His early arrival in the morning prevented so great an attendance
 of inhabitants to demonstrate their joy, as was wished by them." He probably
 crossed the Lake in the Speedy.
 The departure of Governor
 Hunter from Niagara is
 noted in the
 Constellation of the following week. "On Saturday last," the Constellation of
 Sept. 13 says, "His Excellency sailed for Kingston and the Lower Province (probably again in the Speedy). On embarking," we are
 informed as usual, "he was saluted from the Garrison;" and it is also added that
 on passing Fort Niagara "he was
 saluted by the American flag, which had been hoisted for the purpose." On which
 act of courtesy the
 Constellation remarks that "merit is respected by all countries." It
 is then added: "We learn that his Excellency has committed the administration of
 the Government, during his absence, to a committee composed of the Honourable
 Peter Russell, J. Elmsley and Aeneas Shaw, Esquires and the Hon. J. McGill, Esq., in the
 absence of either of them."
 Under date of York,
 Saturday, Sept. 14th, 1799, we have mention made in the Gazette of a
 new vessel. "The Toronto
 Yacht, Capt.
 Baker," the Gazette announces, " will in the course of a few days be
 ready to make her first trip. She is," the Gazette says,
 "one of the handsomest vessels of her size that ever swam upon the Ontario; and if we are permitted to
 judge from her appearance, and to do her justice, we must say she bids fair to
 be one of the swiftest sailing vessels. She is admirably calculated for the
 reception of passengers, and can with propriety boast of the most experienced
 officers and men. Her master-builder," it is subjoined, "was a Mr. Dennis, an American, on whom
 she reflects great honour." This was Mr. Joseph Dennis; and the place where the vessel was built was a
 little way up the Humber. (The
 name Dennis is carelessly given in the Gazette as Dennison.)
 The effects of rough weather on the Lake at the close of 1799, as detailed by the Niagara Constellation
 of the 7th of December, will not be out of place. " On Thursday last," the Constellation
 says, "a boat arrived here from Schenectady, which place she left on the 22nd ult. She passed the
 York sticking
 on a rock off the Devil's Nose: no prospect of getting her off. A small
 deck-boat also, she reports, lately sprung a leak twelve miles distant from
 Oswego. The people on board, many
 of whom were passengers, were taken off by a vessel passing, when she instantly
 sank: cargo is all lost." The narrative then proceeds to say "A vessel supposed
 to be the Genesee schooner,
 has been two days endeavouring to come in. It is a singular misfortune," the
 Constellation says, " that this vessel, which sailed more
 than a month ago from Oswego, laden
 for this place, has been several times in sight, and driven back by heavy
 gales."
 In the same number of the Constellation (Dec. 7th, 1799), we have
 "the well known schooner Peggy" spoken of. A moiety of her is offered for sale. Richard Beasley of Barton, executor, and Margaret Berry of York, executrix, to the estate of
 Thomas Berry, merchant, late
 of York, deceased, advertise for
 sale: "One moiety of the well-known schooner Peggy: any recommendation of her sailing or
 accommodation," they say, "will be unnecessary: with these particulars the
 public are well acquainted, and the purchaser will, no doubt, satisfy himself
 with personal inspection. For terms of sale apply to the executor and
 executrix."
 In the Constellation of the following week is the mysterious
 paragraph: "If Jonathan A.
 Pell will return and pay Captain Selleck for the freight of the salt which he took from on
 board the Duchess of
 York without leave, it will be thankfully received and no
 questions asked."
 The disastrous effects of the gales are referred to again in the
 Gazette of Dec. 21st, 1799. "We hear from very good
 authority," the Gazette says, "that the schooner York,
 Captain Murray, has foundered,
 and is cast upon the American shore about fifty miles from Niagara, where the captain and men are
 encamped. Mr. Forsyth, one of
 the passengers, hired a boat to carry them to Kingston. Fears are entertained for the fate of the
 Terrahoga." (A
 government vessel so named.)
 
 The Harbour: Its Marine, 1800-14
 ON the 15th of May, 1800, Governor Hunter arrives again in York Harbour. The Gazette of Saturday, the 17th, 1800,
 announces that "on Thursday evening last (May 15th), his Excellency Peter Hunter, Esq., Lieutenant
 Governor and Commander-in-Chief of this Province, arrived in our harbour on
 board the Toronto; and
 on Friday morning about 9 o'clock landed at the Garrison, where he is at present
 to reside." On May 16th in the following year Governor Hunter arrives again in the Toronto, from Quebec. "Arrived this morning,
 Saturday, May 16th, 1801," says the Gazette, "on board the Toronto,
 Captain Earl, his Excellency the
 Lieutenant-Governor, his Aid-de-Camp and Secretary, from Quebec. We hear," continues the Gazette, "that
 his Excellency has ordered the Parliament to meet on the 28th instant for the
 actual despatch of business."
 In the Gazette of Aug. 29th, in this year (1801), we have the
 appointment of Mr. Allan to the
 collectorship for the harbour of York. Thus runs the announcement: "To the Public.- His Excellency
 the Lieutenant-Governor has been pleased to appoint the subscriber Collector of
 Duties at this Port, for the Home District: as likewise Inspector of Pot and
 Pearl Ashes and Flour. Notice is hereby given that the Custom House for entry
 will be held at my store-house at the water's edge, and that I will attend
 accordingly, agreeably to the Act. W.
 Allan, York, 25th Aug.,
 1801"
 In this year, it is noted in the Niagara
 Herald (Nov.
 18th, 1801), the people of Niagara
 saw for the first time flying from Fort
 George the British Flag, as blazoned after the recent union of Great
 Britain and Ireland. "On Tuesday, the 17th instant, at 12 o'clock," the
 Herald
 says, "we were most agreeably entertained with a display from Fort George, for the first time,
 of the flag of the United Kingdom. The wind being in a favourable point, it
 unfurled to the greatest advantage to a view from the town. Its size, we
 apprehend, will subject it to injury in the high winds that prevail here." It
 was possibly the Royal Standard.
 In the following year, 1802, Governor Hunter arrives at York on the 14th of May, and again in the Toronto. "It is with infinite pleasure," (such is the
 warm language of the Gazette of May 15th, 1802), "we announce the arrival of
 his Excellency Peter Hunter,
 Esq., Lieutenant-Governor of this Province, and suite, in a very short passage
 from Quebec. His Excellency arrived
 in the harbour late yesterday evening (May 14), on board the Toronto, and landed at the Garrison
 at 9 o'clock. We understand he left Quebec the 27th ult." The officer in command at York on the occasion of Governor Hunter's visit in 1802 was
 Captain Aeneas Macdonell.
 We have before us a note from him, dated York Garrison, May. 15th, to Lieut. Chiniquy at Fort George, in which he speaks of this visit. " General
 Hunter appeared off this harbour," he says, "at 4 o'clock yesterday, with a Jack
 at his main-top-mast head. A guard of two sergeants, two corporals, and thirty
 men," Capt. Macdonell
 continues, "was soon ready to receive him, which I had the honour to command;
 but I had not the pleasure to salute him, as he could not land before 9 o'clock
 last night." (At the close of his note, Capt. Macdonell begs Mr. Chiniquy to send him over from Niagara some butter, such a luxury
 being, as we must suppose, difficult to be procured at York). "If you will be good enough to take the trouble,"
 Capt. Macdonell says, "to
 procure me a few pounds of butter and send it over, I will willingly take the
 same trouble for you when in my power."
 In the Gazette of the preceding April a boat is advertised as
 about to make trips between York and
 the Head of the Lake. This is the
 advertisement: " The subscriber will run a boat from York to the Head
 of the Lake once a week. The first departure will be from York the 31st instant (on Wednesday),
 and from the Head of the Lake on
 Saturday, every week. Any commands left with Messrs. Miles and Playter, and Mr. Beaman at York, and at the Government House, Mr. Bates; and Richard Beasly, Esq., at the Head of the Lake, will be
 attended to with confidence and despatch. Levi Willard, York, 30th March, 1802."
 So early as Jan. 18, in this year (1802), the following notice appeared
 in the Niagara-Herald:- "The sloop
 Mary Ann will sail from this town
 (Niagara) on first favourable
 day." - In August of this year a young Scotchman falls from the sloop and is
 drowned. The Niagara
 Herald of Aug.
 21, 1802, notes the incident:- "On Monday last, James McQueen, a native of Scotland, aged about 20, fell from the Mary Ann and was drowned. The vessel being
 under sail, with wind and current in her favour, could not put about in the very
 short time he remained above water."-In 1802, "Skinner's Sloop" was plying
 occasionally between York and Niagara. We have a letter before us
 from Capt. Aeneas Macdonell
 to Ensign Chiniquy, dated
 York Garrison, 28th March, 1802,
 acknowledging a budget of news received by "Skinner's Sloop."
 In 1803, on the 13th of May, the arrival at York of a Government vessel named the Duke of Kent, with troops, is
 announced in the Gazette. "This morning arrived at the Garrison the
 Duke of Kent
 from Kingston, having on board a
 detachment of His Majesty's 49th regiment, which is to do duty here in place of
 the 41st regiment, ordered to Lower
 Canada." This same vessel arrives again in the harbour on the 27th of
 the following July. She now has on board "The Right Reverend Jacob, Lord Bishop of Quebec" - "On
 Thursday, the 27th," says the Gazette of the 29th of July, 1803,
 "arrived here (York), the
 Duke of Kent,
 having on board the Right Reverend
 Jacob, Lord Bishop of Quebec. We understand," the Gazette adds,
 " his Lordship intended first to visit Detroit, but, owing to contrary winds, was necessitated to postpone
 his journey. His Lordship will leave town for Niagara shortly after the Confirmation, which will
 immediately take place."
 We hear of casualties on the
 Lake towards the close of the year. We read in the Gazette of
 Nov. 16, that "it is currently reported, and we are sorry to add with every
 appearance of foundation, that the sloop Lady Washington, commanded by Capt. Murray, was lately lost in
 a gale of wind near Oswego, on her
 passage to Niagara. Pieces of the
 wreck, and her boat, by which she was recognized, together with several other
 articles, are said to have been picked up. It is yet uncertain," the Gazette says,
 "whether the crew and passengers are saved; among the latter were Messrs. Dunn and Boyd, of Niagara." Again: the Gazette of Dec. 10, 1803, reports that "
 a gentleman from Oswego, by the name
 of Mr. Dunlop, was on Wednesday
 last accidentally knocked from on board a vessel near the Highlands by the
 gibbing of the boom, and unfortunately drowned."
 The disappointment occasioned to merchants sometimes by the uncertainty
 of communication between York and
 the outer world in the stormy season, may be conceived of from a postscript to
 an advertisement of Mr.
 Quetton St. George's in the Gazette of Dec. 10, 1803. It says: "Mr. St. George is
 very sorry, on account of his customers, that he has not received his East India
 Goods and Groceries: he is sure they are at Oswego; and should they not arrive this season, they may be looked
 for early in the spring." It was tantalizing to suppose they were so near York as Oswego, and yet could not be had until the spring.
 The principal incident connected with the marine of the harbour of
 York in 1804 was the loss of the
 Speedy. We give the
 contemporary account of the disaster from the Gazette of
 Saturday, Nov. 3, 1804.
 "The following," the Gazette says, "is as accurate an account
 of the loss of the schooner Speedy, in His Majesty's service on Lake Ontario, as we have been able to collect. The
 Speedy, Capt. Paxton, left this port
 (York) on Sunday evening, the
 7th of October last, with a moderate breeze from the north-west, for Presqu'isle, and was descried off
 that island on the Monday following before dark, where preparations were made
 for the reception of the passengers, but the wind coming round from the
 north-east, blew with such violence as to render it impossible for her to enter
 the harbour; and very shortly after she disappeared. A large fire was then
 kindled on shore as a guide to the vessel during the night; but she has not
 since been seen or heard of; and it is with the most painful sensations we have
 to say, we fear is totally lost. Inquiry, we understand, has been made at almost
 every port of the Lake, but without
 effect; and no intelligence respecting the fate of this unfortunate vessel could
 be obtained. It is, therefore, generally concluded that she has either upset or
 foundered. It is also reported by respectable authority that several articles,
 such as the compass-box, hencoop and mast, known to have belonged to this
 vessel, have been picked up on the opposite side of the Lake. - The passengers
 on board the ill-fated Speedy, as near as we can recollect," the narrative goes on to
 say, "were Mr. Justice
 Cochrane;
 Robert J. D. Gray, Esq.,
 Solicitor-General, and Member of the House of Assembly; Angus Macdonell, Esq., Advocate,
 Member of the House of Assembly; Mr.
 Jacob Herchmer, Merchant; Mr.
 John Stegman, Surveyor; Mr.
 George Cowan, Indian Interpreter; James Ruggles, Esq.;
 Mr. Anderson, Student in the
 Law; Mr. John Fisk, High Constable,
 all of this place. The above named gentlemen were proceeding to the District of
 Newcastle, in order
 to hold the Circuit, and for the trial of an Indian (also on board the
 Speedy) indicted for
 the murder of John Sharp, late of
 the Queen's Rangers. It is also reported, but we cannot vouch for its
 authenticity, that exclusive of the above passengers, there were on board two
 other persons, one in the service of Mr. Justice Cochrane, and the other in that of the
 Solicitor-General; as also two children of parents whose indigent circumstances
 necessitated them to travel by land. The crew of the Speedy, it is said, consisted of five seamen
 (three of whom have left large families) exclusive of Captain Paxton, who also had a very large family. The
 total number of souls on board the Speedy is computed to be about twenty. A more distressing
 and melancholy event has not occurred to this place for many years; nor does it
 often happen that such a number of persons of respectability are collected in
 the same vessel. Not less than nine widows, and we know not how many children,
 have to lament the loss of their husbands and fathers, who, alas, have, perhaps
 in the course of a few minutes, met with a watery gave. It is somewhat
 remarkable," the Gazette then observes, " that this is the third or fourth
 accident of a similar nature within these few years, the cause of which appears
 worthy the attention and investigation of persons conversant in the art of
 ship-building."
 Two of the disasters to vessels probably alluded to by the Gazette were
 noted above. In 1802 the Lady
 Washington, Captain Murray, foundered in the Lake, leaving scarcely a trace. And three years previously, the
 York, in command of the same Captain Murray, was lost at the
 point known as the Devil's Nose, not far from the entrance to the River Genesee. And again, some
 years earlier, in 1780, before the organization of the Province of Upper Canada,
 the Ontario, Capt. Andrews, carrying twenty-two
 guns, went down with all on board, while conveying troops, a detachment of the
 King's Own, under Col. Burton,
 from Niagara to Oswego. One hundred and seventy-two
 persons perished on this occasion, Capt. Andrews was, at the time, First Commissioner of the Dock Yard
 at Kingston, and Commodore of the
 small flotilla maintained on the
 Lake, chiefly for transport service. (For several of these
 particulars we are indebted to Capt.
 Andrews' grandson, the Rev. Saltern Givins.)
 As to the apparent fragility of the government vessels, on which the
 Gazette remarks, the use of timber insufficiently seasoned
 may have had something to do with it. The French Duke de
 Liancourt, in 1795, observed that all the vessels which he saw at
 Niagara were built of timber
 fresh cut down and not seasoned and that, for that reason, "they never lasted
 longer than six or eight years. To preserve them for even this length of time,"
 he says, "requires a thorough repair: they must be heaved down and caulked,
 which costs, at least, from one thousand to one thousand two hundred guineas.
 The timbers of the Mississaga," he says, " which was built three years ago, are
 almost all rotten."
 A particular account of the homicide for which the Indian prisoner,
 lost in the Speedy, was about
 to be tried, and of his arrest, is given in a subdivision of one of our
 chapters, entitled "Some Memories of the Old Court House."
 Of the perils encountered by early navigators of Lake Ontario we have an additional
 specimen furnished us by the Gazette of Sept. 8th, 1804. That paper
 reports as follows: "Capt.
 Moore's sloop, which sailed from Sackett's Harbour on the 14th July for Kingston with a load of pot and pearl
 ashes, struck on Long Point near
 Kingston in a gale of wind; and
 having on board a number of passengers, men, women, and children, be was under
 the necessity of throwing over forty-eight barrels of ashes in order to lighten
 the vessel." It is then briefly added: "She arrived at Kingston."
 We hear of the Toronto
 Yacht in 1805, casually. A boat puts off from her to the
 rescue of some persons in danger of drowning, near the Garrison at York, in November of that year. "On
 Sunday last, the 10th," says the Gazette of Nov. 16th, 1805, "a boat from
 the River Credit for this place
 (York), containing four persons,
 and laden with salmon and country produce, overset near the Garrison, at the
 entrance of this harbour; and notwithstanding the most prompt assistance
 rendered by a boat from the Toronto
 Yacht, we are sorry to add that one person was
 unfortunately drowned, and a considerable part of the cargo lost." At this date,
 the Toronto Yacht was
 under the command of Capt. Earl.
 In December, 1805, a member of the Kendrick family of York was lost in a vessel wrecked on
 the New York side of the Lake. "We understand," says the
 Gazette of Feb. 15th, 1806, "that a boat, sometime in
 December last, going from Oswego to
 Sandy Creek, was lost near
 the mouth of Salmon river, and four
 persons drowned. One of the bodies, and the articles contained in the boat, were
 driven ashore ; the remainder, it is supposed, were buried in the sand. The
 persons who perished were - John
 McBride (found), John
 Kendrick of this place (York), Alexander
 Miller and Jessamin
 Montgomery." - In November of this year (1805), Miss Sarah Kendrick was married.
 It will be observed that her taste, like that of her brothers, of whom more
 hereafter, lay in a nautical direction. "Married, on Tuesday, the 12th inst., by
 licence," records the Gazette, "Jesse
 Goodwin, mariner, to Miss
 Sarah Kendrick." (This is the Goodwin from whom the small stream
 which ran into York Bay at its
 eastern extremity used to be called Goodwin's Creek.)
 In the Gazette of Oct. 11th, 1806, it is noted that Governor Gore crossed from
 York to Niagara in little more than four hours. The vessel is
 not named. Probably it was the Toronto Yacht.
 In 1807, Governor
 Gore crossed from York to
 Niagara to hold a levee, on the
 King's birthday. The vessel that conveyed him again is not named. The following
 notice appears in the Gazette of May 16th, 1807: "Government House, York, 16th May, 1807. The
 Lieut.-Governor will hold a levee at the Commanding Officer's Quarters at Niagara, at 2 o'clock on Tuesday, the
 4th of June. Wm. Halton,
 Secretary." Then follows a second notice: " Government House, York, 16th May, 1807. There will be a
 Ball and Supper at the Council House, Niagara, on his Majesty's Birthday, for such ladies and gentlemen as
 have been presented to the Lieut.
 Governor and Mrs. Gore. Wm.
 Halton, Secretary."
 An accident to the Toronto
 Yacht is reported in the Gazette of
 Oct. 17th, 1807. That paper says: " The Toronto Yacht, in attempting her passage
 across on Wednesday or Thursday last, met with an accident that obliged her to
 put back to Niagara, which port, we
 understand, she reached with difficulty."
 The Gazette of October 31st, 1807, speaks of the
 inconveniences to itself, arising from the irregularity in the communication
 between York and Niagara. "The communication with Niagara by water," it says, " from
 being irregular lately, has prevented us receiving our papers this week. The
 Indian Express," the
 Gazette then adds, "having commenced its regular weekly
 route, our publishing day will be changed to Wednesday. We have nothing of
 moment or interest. Should anything occur we will give an extra sheet." On the
 18th of November the Gazette appears printed on blue paper, such as used to be
 seen on the outside of pamphlets and magazines. An apology is offered. "We have
 to apologize to our readers for the necessity of publishing this week on an
 inferior quality of paper, owing to the non-arrival of our expected supply." The
 same kind of paper is used in a succession of numbers. It is curious to observe
 that the effect of time has been to produce less disfigurement in the bright
 appearance of the pages and print of the blue numbers of the Gazette, than
 in the ordinary white paper numbers, which have now assumed a very coarse,
 dingy, inferior aspect.
 In 1808 the important announcement is made in the Gazette of
 March 16th, that a lighthouse is about to be immediately established on Gibraltar Point, at the
 entrance of York Harbour. "It is
 with pleasure we inform the public," the Gazette says, "that the dangers to
 vessels navigating Lake Ontario
 will in a great measure be avoided by the erection of a Lighthouse on Gibraltar Point, which is to
 be immediately completed, in compliance with an Address of the House of Assembly
 to the Lieutenant-Governor."
 We have understood that a lighthouse was begun at the point of York peninsula before the close of the
 last century; that the Mohawk
 was employed in bringing over stone for the purpose, from Queenston - and that Mr. John Thompson, still living in
 1873, was engaged in the actual erection of the building. It was perhaps then
 begun. In 1803 an Act was passed by the Provincial Legislature for the
 establishment of lighthouses "on the south-westernmost point of a certain island
 called Isle Forest, situated about three leagues from the town of Kingston, in the Midland District; another
 upon Mississaga point, at
 the entrance of the Niagara river,
 near to the town of Niagara - and
 the other upon Gibraltar point."
 It was probably not practicable to carry the Act fully into effect before 1806.
 According to the Act a fund for the erection and maintenance of such lighthouses
 was to be formed by levying threepence per ton on every vessel, boat, raft, or
 other craft of ten tons burthen and upwards, doubling the point named, inward
 bound. That lighthouse duty should be levied at ports where there was no
 lighthouse, became a grievance ; and in 1818 it was enacted that "no vessel,
 boat, raft or other craft of the burthen of ten tons and upwards shall be liable
 to pay any Lighthouse Duty at any port where there shall be no lighthouse
 erected, any law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding."
 Mr. Cartwright
 (Judge Cartwright) built in 1808 two vessels on Mississaga Point at the mouth of
 the Cataraqui, one for himself,
 the Elizabeth; the other
 for the North-West Company,
 the Governor Simcoe.
 The North-West Company had
 previously a vessel on the lake called the Simcoe, which was now worn out.
 In June, 1808, Governor
 Gore departs from York
 for a tour in the western part of the Province. The Gazette seems
 mildly to rebuke him for having swerved from his first design in regard to this
 tour. He had intended to proceed via Lake
 Huron; that is, by the Yonge Street route, but he had finally
 preferred to go via
 Lake Ontario. "His Excellency the
 Lieut.-Governor left this place, York," the Gazette announces, "on the 15th instant, on a visit to
 Sandwich, etc. We are sorry,"
 the editor then ventures to observe, "that he did not, as he originally
 destined, proceed by Lake Huron,
 according to his amiable intention and view of promoting, the first interests of
 this province."
 In the Gazette of October 22nd, in this year, we hear once more
 of the Toronto Yacht.
 -Governor Gore has
 returned to York in safety, and has
 left again for Niagara in the Toronto. "On the 17th instant," the
 above-named Gazette reports, "his Excellency the Lieut.-Governor and
 Major Halton sailed for
 Niagara in the Toronto Yacht. It was his
 Excellency's intention to have gone there on Monday last." The Gazette says:
 "He embarked for the purpose, and received an honorary salute from the Garrison.
 Excessive gales and a succession of violent head winds delayed his proceeding
 until Thursday morning."' (He returned in the Toronto on Tuesday, the 6th of November.)
 On the 14th of December in this year, the editor of the Gazette again
 announces a change in the day of publication, in consequence of the suspension
 of water communication between York
 and Niagara. "The suspension of our
 water communication with Niagara at
 the present season obliges us to alter the day of publication, which will now be
 on Wednesday. John Cameron."
 A postal notice issued in the Gazette of Jan. 4th, in the following
 year, 1809, is interesting now. It reads thus : "For General Information. The
 winter mail will be despatched from Quebec for Upper Canada on the following days : Monday, 2nd Jan.,
 1809: do. 6th Feb.: do. 6th March: do. 3rd April. Each mail may be looked for
 here (York) from 16 to 18 days after
 the above periods. The Carrier from Kingston (the Indian
 Express probably of which we have heard already) is to go on to Niagara without making any stay
 (unless found necessary) at this place; so that all persons will have time to
 prepare their letters by the time he returns from Kingston again. W. Allan, Deputy P.M., York, 2nd Jan. 1809." The mail between Montreal and Kingston was carried on the back of one Anderson. Between these two places the postage was
 ninepence.
 Between 1809 and 1812 we do not light upon many notices of vessels
 frequenting York Harbour. In 1810, a
 schooner called the Lady
 Gore or the Bella
 Gore, commanded by Captain Sanders, and plying to Kingston, was a well known vessel. (It may be noted that
 in 1811 Governor Gore left
 York for England, on leave of
 absence, and was away during the four eventful years that followed.) In 1812,
 and previously, a sloop commanded by Captain Conn was running between York and Niagara. From some peculiarity in her contour, she was popularly
 spoken of as "Captain Conn's
 Coffin." Another sloop, commanded by Captain Grace, was plying between York, Niagara and Kingston
 about the same time.
 The Government vessels with whose names we have become familiar were
 now either unseaworthy or wrecked. The Mohawk, the Onondaga, the Caldwell, the Sophia, the Buffalo, are no longer heard of as passing in and out of
 the harbour of York. It had been the
 fate of the Toronto
 Yacht, while under the command of Capt. Fish, to run on the sands at Gibraltar Point through a
 mistake as to the position of the light. Her skeleton was long a conspicuous
 object, visited by ramblers on the Island. This incident occurred just before
 the outbreak of the war.
 Most of the vessels which had been engaged in the ordinary traffic of
 the Lake were, during the war,
 employed by the government in the transport service. Captain Murney's vessel, the Prince Edward, built, as
 we have already heard, wholly of red cedar, and still in good order in 1812, was
 thus employed.
 In the fleet on Lake
 Ontario in 1812-14 new names prevail. Not one of the old titles is
 repeated. Some changes made in the nomenclature of vessels during the contest
 have created confusion in regard to particular ships. In several instances which
 we shall specify immediately, in the following list, two names indicate the same
 vessel at different periods of the war. The Prince Regent, the commodore's ship, (Capt. Earl), the Princess Charlotte,
 the Montreal, the
 Wolfe, the Sir Sidney Smith, the
 Niagara, the
 Royal George,
 the Melville, the
 Star, the Moira, the Cherwell, the Gloucester (Capt. Gouvereau), the
 Magnet, the
 Netley, the
 St. Lawrence;
 and the gunboats Cleopatra, Lais, Ninon, Nelly, Regent, Thunderer, Wellington, Retaliation, Black
 Snake, Prescott, Dreadnought. In this list
 the Wolfe and the Montreal are the same vessels;
 as also are the Royal
 George and the Niagara the Melville and the Star; the Prince Regent and the Netley; the Moira and the Cherwell; the Montreal and the Wolfe; the Magnet and the Sir Sidney Smith.
 The Moira was lying
 off the Garrison at York when the
 Simcoe
 transport came in sight filled with prisoners taken on Queenston Heights, and
 bringing the first intelligence of the death of General Brock. We have heard the Rev. Dr. Richardson of
 Toronto, who at the time was
 Sailing Master of the Moira,
 under Captain Sampson,
 describe the scene.-The approaching schooner was recognized at a distance as the
 Simcoe: it
 was a vessel owned and commanded, at the moment, by Dr. Richardson's father,
 Captain James
 Richardson. Mr.
 Richardson accordingly speedily put off in a boat from the
 Moira, to learn the
 news. He was first startled at the crowded appearance of the Simcoe's deck, and at
 the unwonted guise of his father, who came to the gangway conspicuously girt
 with a sword. 'A great battle had been fought,' he was told, 'on Queenston Heights. The enemy
 had been beaten. The Simcoe was full of prisoners of war, to be transferred
 instanter to the Moira for
 conveyance to Kingston. General Brock was killed!' -
 Elated with the first portion of the news, Dr. Richardson spoke of the thrill of dismay which
 followed the closing announcement as something indescribable and never to be
 forgotten.
 Among the prisoners on board the Simcoe was Winfield Scott, an artillery officer, afterwards the
 distinguished General Scott. He was not taken to Kingston, but, with others, released on parole.
 The year following (1813), York Harbour was visited by the United States fleet, consisting of
 sixteen vessels. The result other pages will tell. It has been again and again
 implied in these papers. The government vessel named the Prince Regent narrowly
 escaped capture. She had left the port only a few days before the arrival of the
 enemy. The frames of two ships on the stocks were destroyed, but not by the
 Americans. At the command of General Sheaffe, they were fired by the royal troops when beginning
 the retreat in the direction of Kingston. A schooner, the Governor Hunter, belonging to Joseph Kendrick, was caught in
 the harbour and destroyed but as we have understood, the American commander paid
 a sum of money to the owner by way of compensation. - At the taking of York, Captain Sanders, whom we have seen in command of the
 Bella Gore, was
 killed. He was put in charge of the dockyardmen who were organized as a part of
 the small force to be opposed to the invaders.
 We can imagine a confused state of things at York in 1813. Nevertheless the law asserts its
 supremacy. The magistrates in sessions fine a pilot L2 15s. for refusing to
 fulfil his engagement with Mr.
 McIntosh. "On the 19th October, 1813, a complaint was made by Angus McIntosh, Esq., late of
 Sandwich, now of York, merchant, against Jonathan Jordan, formerly of the
 city of Montreal, a steersman in
 one of Angus McIntosh's boats,
 for refusing to proceed with the said boat, and thereby endangering the safety
 of the said boat. He is fined L2 15s. currency, to be deducted from wages due by
 Angus McIntosh."
 It was in May the following year (1814), that Mr. Richardson, while
 Acting Master on board the Montreal (previously the Wolfe), lost his left arm in Sir James Yeo's expedition against
 Oswego.-The place was carried by
 storm. After describing the mode of attack and the gallantry of the men, Sir James Yeo in his official
 despatch thus speaks in particular of the Montreal: "Captain Popham, of the Montreal," he says, "anchored his ship in a most gallant
 style; sustaining the whole fire until we gained the shore. She was set on fire
 three times by red-hot shot, and much cut up in her hull, masts and rigging. -
 Captain Popham," he then
 proceeds to say, "received a severe wound in his right hand; and speaks in high
 terms , of Mr.
 Richardson, the Master, who from a severe wound in the left arm, was
 obliged to undergo amputation at the shoulder joint."
 The grievous mutilation thus suffered did not cause Mr. Richardson to retire
 from active service. Immediately on his recovery he was, at his own desire,
 appointed to a post of professional duty in the fleet. In October, when the
 great hundred-gun ship, the
 St. Lawrence, was
 launched at Kingston, he was taken
 by Sir James Yeo on board that
 vessel, his familiarity with the coasts of the Lake rendering his services in the capacity of Acting Pilot of
 great value.
 In the record of disbursements made by the Loyal
 and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada in 1815, we have the sum of One
 Hundred Pounds allotted on the 22nd of April to "Mr. James Richardson, of
 the Midland District," with
 the following note appended: "This gentleman was first in the Provincial Navy,
 and behaved well: he then became Principal Pilot of the Royal Fleet, and by his
 modesty and uncommon good conduct gained the esteem of all of the officers of
 the Navy. He lost his arm at the taking of Oswego, and as he was not a commissioned officer, there was no
 allowance for his wounds. The Society, informed of this and in consideration of
 his services, requested his acceptance of L100."
 By a curious transition, instances of which are now and then afforded
 in the history of individuals in every profession, Mr. Richardson became in
 after years an eminent minister in the Methodist Society; and at the age of 82
 was known and honoured far and wide throughout Upper Canada as the indefatigable
 bishop or chief superintendent of that section of the Methodist body which is
 distinguished by the prefix Episcopal.
 In 1814 it would appear that Commodore Chauncey and his fleet were no longer dominating the north
 shore. The Netley, formerly
 the Prince Regent, is
 mentioned as being again in the harbour of York. On the 24th of July she took over Lieut.-General and President Drummond, when on
 his way to support General
 Rial at Lundy's Lane. "I
 embarked," General
 Drummond says in his despatch to Sir George Prevost describing the engagement at Lundy's Lane; "I embarked on board
 His Majesty's schooner Netley, at York, on
 Sunday evening, the 24th instant (July), and reached Niagara at daybreak the following morning." He then
 pushed on from Niagara to Lundy's Lane with 800 rank and file,
 and was the undoubted means of preventing a hard-contested fight from ending in
 a defeat.
 On the 24th of December in this year the Treaty of Ghent was signed, by which, to adopt its own
 language, "a firm and universal peace was re-established between His Britannic
 Majesty and the United States, and between their respective countries,
 territories, cities, towns and people of every degree, without exception of
 persons or places."
 
 The Harbour: Its Marine, 1815-27
 SOON after the close of the war with the United States in 1814, the era
 of steam navigation on Lake Ontario
 opens. The first steamer, the Frontenac, was launched at Ernesttown, on the Bay of Quintein 1816. Her trips began in 1817. The length of her
 deck was 170 feet; the breadth, 32 feet; her burden, 700 tons; her cost,
 L15,000; her commander, Capt. James
 McKenzie, a retired officer of the Royal Navy.
 In 1818 we observe an enactment of the Provincial Legislature, having
 reference to steam navigation. It is decreed that the usual space occupied by
 the engine and machinery in a steam vessel, with the requisite stowage of wood,
 should be taken to occupy one third of such vessel, and that such vessel should
 only pay Lighthouse or Tonnage Duty on two-thirds of her admeasurement.
 In successive numbers of the Kingston
 Chronicle,
 the advertisement of the Frontenac, occupying the width of two columns,
 conspicuously appears, with a large rude woodcut of a steamer with two
 smoke-pipes at the top. For the sake of the fares and other particulars, we copy
 this document (from the Chronicle of April 30 1819). "The Steamboat Frontenac, James McKenzie, Master, will in
 future leave the different ports on the following days: viz., Kingston for York, on the 1st, 11th and 21st days of each month.
 York for Queenston, 3rd, 13th and 23rd days
 of each month. Niagara for Kingston, 5th, 15th and 25th days of
 each month. Rates of Passages: From Kingston to York and
 Niagara, l3. From York to Niagara, L1. Children under three years of age,
 half-price; above three, and under ten, two-thirds. A Book will be kept for
 entering the names of passengers, and the berths which they may choose at which
 time the passage money must be paid. Passengers are allowed sixty pounds weight
 of baggage; surplus baggage to be paid for at the usual rate. Gentlemen's
 servants cannot sleep or eat in the Cabin. Deck passengers will pay fifteen
 shillings, and may either bring their own provisions, or be furnished by the
 Steward. For each dog brought on board, five shillings. All applications for
 passage to be made to Capt.
 McKenzie, on board. Freight will be transported to and from the above
 places at the rate of four shillings per barrel bulk, and Flour at the customary
 rate delivered to the different consignees. A list of their names will be put in
 a conspicuous place on board, which must be deemed a sufficient notice; and the
 Goods, when taken from the Steamboat will be considered at the risk of the
 owners. For each small parcel, 2s. 6d, which must be paid on delivery. Kingston, April 28th, 1819." Capt. McKenzie has acquired
 confidence in himself and his vessel in 1819. An earlier notice in the
 Chronicle, relating to the Frontenac, was the following. Its terms show
 the great caution and very salutary fear which governed the action of sea
 captains, hitherto without experience in such matters, when about to encounter
 by the aid of steam the perils of a boisterous Lake. "Steamboat Frontenac will sail from Kingston for Niagara, calling at York, on the 1st and 15th days of each month, with as much
 punctuality as the nature of the
 Lake navigation will admit of."
 The ordinary sailing craft of the
 Lake of course still continued to ply. We hear of a passenger-boat
 between York and Niagara in 1815, called the
 Dove; also of the
 Reindeer, commanded
 for a time by Captain Myers. In
 1819-20 Stillwell Wilson,
 with whom we are already acquainted, is in command of a slip-keel schooner,
 carrying passengers and freight between York and Niagara. The
 Wood Duck was
 another vessel on this route. (In 1828 the Wood Duck is offered for sale, with her
 rigging and sails complete, for Four Hundred Dollars cash. "Apply to William Gibbons, owner, York." She is afterwards the property
 of Mr. William Arthurs.) The
 Red Rover, Captain Thew, and the Comet, Captain Ives, were others. The Britannia, Captain Miller, was a visitant of York harbour about the same period; a
 top-sail schooner of about 120 tons, remarkable for her specially fine model.
 She was built by Roberts, near the
 site of what is now Wellington
 Square, and was the property of Mr. Matthew Crooks, of Niagara.
 Captain Thew, above
 named, afterwards commanded the John
 Watkins, a schooner plying to York. Captain
 Thew encountered a little difficulty once at Kingston, through a violation, unconsciously on his
 part, of naval etiquette. A set of colours had been presented to the John Watkins, by Mr. Harris of York, in honour of his old friend and a co-partner whose
 name she perpetuated. It happened, however, through inadvertency, that these
 colours were made of the particular pattern which vessels in the Royal Service
 are alone entitled to carry; and while the John Watkins was lying moored in the harbour
 at Kingston, gaily decorated with
 her new colours, Captain Thew was
 amazed to find his vessel suddenly boarded by a strong body of men-of-war's men,
 from a neighbouring royal ship, who insisted on hauling down and taking
 possession of the flags flying from her masts, as being the exclusive insignia
 of the Royal Navy. It was
 necessary to comply with the demand, but the bunting was afterwards restored to
 Captain Thew on making the
 proper representations.
 In 1820, Capt.
 Sinclair was in command of the Lady Sarah Maitland We gather from an
 Observer
 of December in that year, that Lake
 Ontario, according to its wont, had been occasioning alarms to
 travellers. An address of the passengers on board of Capt. Sinclair's vessel, after a perilous passage from
 Prescott to York, is recorded in the columns of
 the paper just named. It reads as follows: "The subscribers, passengers in the
 Lady
 Maitland schooner, beg to tender their best thanks to Capt. Sinclair for the kind
 attention paid to them during the passage from Prescott to this port; and at the same time with much
 pleasure to bear testimony to his propriety of conduct in using every exertion
 to promote the interest of those concerned in the vessel and cargo, in the
 severe gale of the morning of the 4th instant (Dec. 1820). The manly fortitude
 and unceasing exertions of Capt.
 Sinclair, when the situation of the vessel, in consequence of loss of
 sails, had become extremely dangerous, were so highly conspicuous as to induce
 the subscribers to make it known to the public, that he may meet with that
 support which he so richly deserves. The exertions of the crew were likewise
 observed, and are deserving of praise. - D. McDougal, James
 Alason, G. N. Ridley,
 Peter McDougal."
 This was probably the occasion of a doleful rejoinder of Mr. Peter McDougal's, which
 became locally a kind of proverbial expression: " No more breakfast in this
 world for Pete McDoug." The story was that Mr. McDougal, when suffering severely
 from the effects of a storm on the
 Lake, replied in these terms to the cook, who came to announce
 breakfast. The phrase seemed to take the popular fancy, and was employed now and
 then to express a mild despair of surrounding circumstances.
 In 1820 a Traveller, whose journal is quoted by Willis, in Bartlett's
 Canadian Scenery (ii. 48), was six days in
 accomplishing the journey from Prescott to York by
 water. "On the 3rd of September," he says, "we embarked for York at Prescott, on board a small schooner called the
 Caledonia. We
 performed this voyage, which is a distance of 250 miles, in six days." In 1818,
 Mr. M. F. Whitehead, of
 Port Hope, was two days and
 a-half in crossing from Niagara to
 York. "My first visit to York," Mr. Whitehead says in a communication to the writer,
 "was in September, 1818, crossing the
 Lake from Niagara with
 Dr. Baldwin - a
 two and a-half days' passage. The Doctor had thoughtfully provided a leg of
 lamb, a loaf of bread, and a bottle of porter: all our fare," adds Mr. Whitehead, "for two days and
 a-half." We have ourselves more than once, in former days, experienced the
 horrors of the middle passage between Niagara and York, having
 crossed and re-crossed, in very rough weather, in the Kingston Packet, or Brothers, and having been
 detained on the Lake for a whole
 night and a good portion of a day in the process. The schooners for Niagara and elsewhere used to announce
 the time of their departure from the wharf at York in primitive style, by repeated blasts from a long
 tin horn, so called, sounded at intervals previous to their casting loose, and
 at the moment of the start. Fast and large steamers have, of course, now reduced
 to a minimum the miseries of a voyage between the North and South shores; but
 these miseries are still not slight at the stormy seasons, when Lake Ontario often displays a mood by
 no means amiable
 
 "Outrageous as a sea, dark, wasteful, wild,
 Up from the bottom turned by furious winds 
 And surging waves."
 
 It is some consolation to reflect, that with all the skill and
 appliances at the command of English engineers and shipbuilders, it has been
 found hitherto impossible to render the passage from Dover to Calais a luxury;
 nor possibly will that result be secured even by the enormous ferry-steamers
 which are projected. In 1791, twenty-four hours were occasionally occupied in
 the passage from Dover to Calais. " I am half-dead," writes the learned
 traveller Dr. E. D. Clarke, at
 Calais, to his mother; "I am half dead with sea-sickness: twenty-four hours'
 passage from Dover."
 Again, the mode in which the first Lake steamers were made to, near the
 landing-place in the olden time, was something which would fill a modern
 steamboat captain with amazement. Accustomed as we are every day to see huge
 steamers guided without any ado, straight up to the margin of a quay or pier,
 the process of putting in seems a simple affair. Not so was it, however, in
 practice to the first managers of steamboats. When the Frontenac or William IV was about to
 approach the wharf at York, the
 vessel was brought to a standstill some way out in the harbour. From near the
 fore and after gangways boats were then lowered, bearing hawsers; and by means
 of these, when duly landed, the vessel was solemnly drawn to shore. An agitated
 multitude usually witnessed the operation.
 In the Gazette Of July 20, 1820, we have the information that on
 Saturday evening, a schooner of about sixty tons, built for Mr. Oates and others, was launched
 in this port (York). "She went off,"
 the Gazette says," in very fine style, until she reached the
 water, where, from some defect in her ways, her progress was checked; and from
 the lateness of the hour, she could not be freed from the impediment before the
 next morning, when she glided into the Bay in safety. Those who are judges say
 that it is a very fine vessel of the class. It is now several years," continues
 the Gazette, " since any launch has been here; it therefore,
 though so small a vessel, attracted a good deal of curiosity." This was the
 Duke of
 Richmond packet, afterwards a favourite on the route between
 York and Niagara. The Gazette describes the Richmond somewhat
 incorrectly as a schooner, and likewise understates the tonnage. She was a sloop
 of the Revenue cutter build, and her burthen was about one hundred tons. Of
 Mr. Oates we have had
 occasion to speak in our perambulation of King Street.
 In an Observer of 1820, we have the first advertisement of the
 Richmond.
 It reads thus: " The Richmond Packet, Edward Oates, commander, will commence running between the Ports of
 York and Niagara on Monday, the 24th instant (July), as a regular
 Packet. She will leave York on
 Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, at 9 o'clock a.m., precisely; and Niagara on Tuesdays, Thursdays and
 Saturdays, at 10 a.m., to the 24th of September, when the hour of departure will
 be made known to the Public. The Richmond has excellent accommodations for Ladies,
 Gentlemen and other Passengers, and nothing will be omitted to make her one of
 the completest and safest passage vessels of the class in America, being manned
 with experienced mariners. Rates of passage: After Cabin, 10s. ; Fore Cabin, 6s.
 3d. Children under twelve years, half-price. Sixty pounds baggage allowed to
 each passenger; above that weight, 9d. per cwt., or 2s. per barrel bulk. For
 freight or passage apply to John
 Crooks, Esq., Niagara;
 the Captain on board; or at the Subscriber's store. Ed. Oates, York, July 17, 1820."
 Captain Vavassour,
 commandant at Fort George,
 presented Capt. Oates with a gun
 and a set of colours. The former used to announce to the people of York the arrival and departure of the
 Richmond;
 and a striped signal-flag found among the latter, was hoisted at the Lighthouse
 on Gibraltar Point whenever
 the Richmond Packet
 hove in sight. (For a considerable period, all vessels were signalized by a flag
 flying from the Lighthouse.)
 Two years later, the Richmond is prospering on the route between York and Niagara. In the Gazette of June 7th, 1822, we have an
 advertisement of tenor similar to the one given above. "Richmond Packet, Edward Oates, master, will
 regularly leave York for Niagara on Mondays, Wednesdays and
 Fridays; and Niagara for York on Tuesdays, Thursdays and
 Saturdays, from the 1st of June until the 1st of September." The advertisement
 then goes on to say: "Edward
 Oates respectfully informs his friends and the Public, that his
 Packet shall leave York and Niagara on the above days, either in
 the morning or evening, as the wind and passengers may suit; and that passengers
 may depend on a passage on the above days. The superiority of sailing and
 accommodation for ladies and gentlemen are too well known to the public to make
 any comment upon. York, June 1st,
 1822. " By the following year, however, the Richmond's occupation was coming to an end.
 Steam on the route between York and
 Niagara had its effect. From the
 Gazette of Jan. 16, 1823, we learn that Mr. Oates is about to dispose of his
 interest in the Richmond; is virtually about to sell the vessel. In the paper
 just named we read the following advertisement "Auction. Fifty Shares, or
 three-quarters and two sixty-fourths of that superior vessel the Richmond Packet, will
 positively be sold by auction, at the Town of York, on Saturday, the 25th instant, together with all
 her tackle, apparel, stores and furniture - an inventory of which may be seen on
 application to R. Coleman, Esq.,
 York; Mr. Edward Oates, Niagara. N.B.-Terms of sale: one-third
 down - the remainder in two equal payments at three and six months, with
 approved endorsers. York, Jan. 6,
 1823."
 In a Gazette of this year we have a pleasure boat offered for
 sale at York, apparently a bargain.
 In the number for May 15, 1823, is the following advertisement: " Pleasure-boat
 to be sold : built of oak, an extremely fast sailer, and in every respect a
 complete vessel of the kind. It is rigged with jib, foresail, mainsail, and
 driver. Original cost, upwards of forty guineas (and not more than four years
 old). It will now be sold, with everything belonging to it, at the low price of
 fifteen pounds currency. Enquire at the Gazette Office, York. 7th May, 1823,"
 As the Richmond Packet filled an important place in the early marine
 of the harbour, it will be of interest to mention her ultimate fate. While
 engaged, in 1826, in conveying a cargo of salt from Oswego, she was wrecked near Brighton, on the bay of Presqu'isle, towards the eastern part of Lake Ontario. The Captain, no longer
 Mr. Oates, losing his
 presence of mind in a gale of wind, cut the cable of his vessel and ran her
 ashore. The remains of the wreck, after being purchased by Messrs. Willman, Bailey and
 Co., were taken to Wellington, on the south side of the peninsula of Prince Edward county,
 where the cannon which had ornamented the deck of the defunct packet, and had
 for so many years daily made the harbour of York resound with its detonations, did duty in firing salutes on
 royal birthdays and other public occasions up to 1866, when, being overcharged,
 it burst, the fragments scattering themselves far and wide in the waters round
 the wharf at Wellington.
 Just as the Richmond disappears, another favourite vessel, for some
 years distinguished in the annals of York harbour, and commanded by a man of note, comes into the field
 of view. "The new steamer Canada," says the Loyalist of June 3, 1826, "was towed into
 port this week by the Toronto, from the mouth of the river Rouge, where she was built during the last winter.
 She will be shortly fitted up for her intended route, which, we understand, will
 be from York and Niagara round the head of the Lake, and will add another to the
 increasing facilities of conveyance in Upper Canada." The Loyalist
 then adds: "Six steamboats now navigate the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, in this Province, besides the Canada, and a boat nearly ready for launching
 at Brockville." We shall
 presently hear much of the career of the Canada and her commander.
 The Toronto (Capt. Shaw), named above as towing
 the Canada into the harbour,
 was a steam-packet of peculiar make, built at York. She was constructed without any difference of
 shape at the bow and stern, and without ribs. She was a shell of successive
 layers of rather thin boards placed alternately lengthwise and athwart, with
 coatings, between, of stout brown paper pitched. She proved a failure as a
 vessel for the Lake traffic, and
 was speedily taken down the river, where she was also unfortunate. We hear of
 her in the Loyalist of June 17, 1826. " By a letter," the Editor
 says, "received from Kingston we
 are sorry to hear that the steamboat Toronto, on her first trip from that place to Prescott, had unfortunately got
 aground several times, and that in consequence it had been found necessary to
 haul her out of the water at Brockville, to be repaired. The damage is stated not to be very
 great, but the delay, besides occasioning inconvenience, must be attended with
 some loss to the proprietors." The Editor then adds : "The navigation of
 the St.
 Lawrence, for steamboats, between Kingston and Prescott, is in many places extremely difficult, and requires that
 the most skilful and experienced pilots should be employed." In the same number
 of the Loyalist is an advertisement of the Martha Ogden, a United
 States boat. "Notice. The steamboat Martha Ogden, Andrew Estes, master, will ply between York and Youngstown during the remainder of the season, making a daily trip
 from each place, Saturdays excepted, when she will cross but once. Hours of
 sailing, 6 o'clock in the morning and 3 o'clock in the afternoon. To accommodate
 the public, her hours of departure from each place will be changed alternately
 every week, of which notice will be regularly given. This arrangement will
 continue in effect, weather permitting, until further notice is given.
 Passengers wishing to cross the river
 Niagara will be sent over in the ferry-boat free of charge. Cabin
 passage, two dollars. Deck passage, one dollar. Agents at York, Messrs. M. and R. Meighan. June 13,
 1826."
 The Frontenac is
 still plying to York. In 1826 she
 brings up the Lieut.-Governor, Sir Peregrine Maitland, from Kingston. The Loyalist of Saturday, June 3, 1826, duly
 makes the announcement. "His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor arrived here
 (York) on Wednesday afternoon,
 on board the Frontenac,
 Capt. McKenzie, from Kingston. His Excellency landed at
 the King's Wharf under a salute from the Garrison. Major Hillier and Captain Maitland accompanied his Excellency. On
 Thursday morning, his Excellency embarked on board the Frontenac for Niagara."
 The following week she brings over from Niagara
 Col. McGregor and the 70th
 Regiment. The Loyalist of June 10, 1826, thus speaks. "We have much
 pleasure in announcing the arrival in this place of the Head Quarter Division of
 the 70th Regiment, under the command of Lieut.-Col. McGregor. They landed from the steamboat
 Frontenac
 yesterday morning, and marched into the York Garrison." The Loyalist then proceeds to eulogize the
 70th, and to express satisfaction at the removal of that regiment to York. " The distinguished character of
 this fine regiment, and the honourable testimony which has been given of their
 uniformly correct and praiseworthy conduct, wherever they have been stationed,
 affords the most perfect assurance that from the esteem in which they have so
 deservedly been held, during a period of more than thirteen years' service in
 Canada, their stay at this Garrison will be rendered highly satisfactory to the
 inhabitants, and, we should hope, pleasant to themselves." It was on this
 occasion that many of the inhabitants of York beheld for the first time the impressive sight of a Highland
 regiment, wearing the kilt and the lofty plumed cap. A full military band, too,
 which accompanies only Head Quarter Divisions, was a novelty at York; as previous to this year Niagara, and not York, was regarded as Military head
 quarters. The Pipers increased the excitement. The band of the 70th displayed,
 moreover, at this period further accessories of pomp and circumstance in the
 shape of negro cymbal players, and a magnificent oriental looking standard of
 swaying tails surmounted by a huge glittering crescent bearing small bells.
 In the down-trip from York,
 the same week, the Frontenac took away a detachment of the 76th Regiment. "The
 detachment of the 76th Regiment;" the Loyalist of June 10 reports, "under
 command of Lieut. Grubbe, embarked
 on board the Frontenac
 yesterday, on its destination to join the regiment at Montreal. Lieut.
 Grubbe takes with him," the Editor of the Loyalist
 says, "the cordial regard of the inhabitants of York; and the exemplary conduct of the detachment under
 his command has been such as to merit from them their best wishes for their
 future prosperity." During the same week the steamer Queenston had arrived at York, as we learn from the following
 item in the same Loyalist of June 10: "The Rev. Mr. Hudson, Military Chaplain, who accompanied
 the Lord Bishop from England, arrived
 here in the Queenston on
 Tuesday last. Mr. Hudson is
 appointed Chaplain to the Garrison at York." (In August, 1828, Mr. Hudson must have been in England. We read the following in the Loyalist of
 Oct. 11 in that year:- "Married, on the 12th of August last, at Crosby-on-Elden,
 Cumberland, by the Rev. S. Hudson, B.A., the Rev. J. Hudson, M.A., Fellow of St. Peter's College,
 Cambridge, and Chaplain to the Forces at York, in Upper Canada, to Barbara Wells, second daughter of the Rev. Thomas Lowry, D.D.") In
 the Loyalist of July 29, in this year (1826), we hear of " the
 new steamer Niagara, built
 at Prescott, John Mosier, captain." This new
 steamer Niagara was in
 reality Capt. Mosier's schooner
 The Union of Wellington
 Grove, turned into a steamer. Some error had been committed in
 the build of the Union, and
 she suddenly capsized in the river near Prescott. Capt. Mosier
 then cut her in two, added to her length thirty feet by an insertion, and
 converted her into the Niagara
 steam-packet. Her arrival at York is
 announced in the Loyalist of July 29, and her return thither from Niagara with American tourists on
 board. The Loyalist says: "The new steamboat Niagara, built at Prescott, John Mosier, captain, arrived here (York) on Monday last, the 24th
 instant. She proceeded the same day to Niagara, and returned on Tuesday afternoon, with a number of
 American ladies and gentlemen making the Northern tour. This arrangement,"
 continues the Loyalist, "of visiting York twice on the route round the Lake will be continued, we hope, as the number of
 persons travelling at this season of the year, having an opportunity of seeing
 York, will tend to enliven the
 town. The Niagara" it is
 added, "is a handsome and well-built boat, with a powerful engine, and most
 excellent accommodation for travellers." A Loyalist of
 the following month (the number for Aug. 12, 1826) reports the Niagara as bearing another kind
 of freight. She has on board, for one thing, 60 hogsheads of tobacco. "The
 steamboat Niagara, Capt. Mosier, arrived in port on
 Monday last from Prescott via Niagara. On going on board," says the
 Editor of the Loyalist, "it afforded us much pleasure to find that her
 cargo consisted in part of sixty hogsheads of Leaf Tobacco for the Montreal market, the produce of the
 western part of the Province. The cultivation of this article of consumption,"
 continues the Loyalist, " is attracting the attention of the farmers in
 the Western District, and a large quantity of it will be offered in the market
 this year. The next season it will be very much increased. The soil and climate
 of that part of the Province is represented as being well adapted to the growth
 of the tobacco plant, and the enterprize which is exhibited to secure the
 advantages thus held out, gives fair promise that the article will before long
 be added to the list of the staple productions of our country, and afford not
 only a sufficient supply for home consumption, but also form an important item
 in the schedule of Canadian exports."
 In the same number of the Loyalist we bear again of Capt. Richardson's new
 steamboat, the Canada. We
 read of her first passage across from York to Niagara, thus:
 "The new steamboat Canada,
 Capt. Richardson, made her
 first trip to Niagara on Monday
 last, and went out of the harbour in fine style. Her appearance reflects much
 credit on her builder, Mr. Joseph
 Dennis; and the machinery, manufactured by Messrs. Wards of Montreal, is a specimen of superior
 workmanship. The combined excellence of the model and machinery of this boat is
 such," says the Loyalist, "as will render her what is usually termed 'a
 fast boat.' The trip to Niagara was
 performed in four hours and some minutes. Her present route, we observe, is
 advertised from York to Niagara and the Head of the Lake. In noticing this first trip of
 another steamboat," continues the Loyalist, "we cannot help contrasting the
 present means of conveyance with those ten years ago. At that time only a few
 schooners navigated the Lake, and
 the passage was attended with many delays and much inconvenience. Now there are
 five steamboats, all affording excellent accommodation, and the means of
 expeditious travelling. The routes of each are so arranged that almost every day
 of the week the traveller may find opportunities of being conveyed from one
 extremity of the Lake to the other
 in a few hours. The Niagara and
 Queenston from
 Prescott, and the Frontenac from Kingston once a week, and the
 Canada and
 Martha Ogden
 between York and Niagara and the Head of the Lake every day, afford facilities of
 communication which the most sanguine could scarcely have anticipated at the
 period we speak of. Independent of these boats, it must be mentioned that the
 Cornwall on Lake St. Louis makes a trip every
 day from Coteau du Lac to
 Cornwall ; the Dalhousie runs between Prescott and Kingston twice a week and conveys the mall; the
 Charlotte and
 Toronto once a week
 from Prescott to the Head of the Bay of Quinte thus affording to
 every part of the country the same advantages of convenient intercourse. These
 are some of the evidences of improvement among us during the last few years
 which require no comment. They speak for themselves, and it must be pretty
 evident from such facts as these, that those who cannot, or will not, see the
 progress we are making, must be wilfully blind." (The closing remark was of
 course for the benefit of contemporary editors at York and elsewhere, who, from their political view of
 things, gave their readers the impression that Canada was a doomed country,
 going rapidly to perdition.)
 From the Loyalist of Aug. 19, 1826, we learn that "the steamboat
 Niagara, on her trip from York to Kingston, had her machinery injured, and has put back
 into Bath to repair." In the same
 number of the Loyalist, we are told that the proprietor of the
 Frontenac had
 fractured his leg. "We regret to hear," the Loyalist
 says, "that an accident happened last week to John Hamilton, Esq., the proprietor of the steamboat
 Frontenac. In
 stepping out of a carriage at the
 Falls, he unfortunately broke his leg." In a Loyalist of
 the following month (Sept. 2, 1826), we hear again of Sir Peregrine Maitland's
 movements in the Frontenac, The Loyalist says: "His Excellency the
 Lieutenant-Governor and suite arrived in town (York) from Kingston yesterday morning, on board the Frontenac, and after remaining a few hours,
 proceeded to Stamford."
 The next Loyalist (Sep. 9, 1826) speaks of an expeditious trip
 made by Capt. Mosier's
 Niagara. "The Steamboat
 Niagara, Capt. Mosier, made," it says, "her
 trip last week, from York to Prescott, and back again, in
 something less than four days, touching at the ports of Kingston, Gananoque and Brockville, going and returning, independent of the usual delay at
 Prescott. The distance is
 nearly five hundred miles."
 From the Loyalist of Sept. 30, 1826, we hear of the steamboat
 Queenston, Capt. Whitney. A notice appears
 that "The steam boat Queenston, Capt. W.
 Whitney, will, during the remainder of the season, leave Niagara for Kingston and Prescott every Thursday day at eight o'clock a.m., instead of 10
 o'clock as heretofore. Queenston,
 Sept. 8, 1826." From a number of the Loyalist in the following month (Oct. 7,
 1826), we gather that an accident, which might have been very disastrous, had
 happened to the Queenston.
 " With pleasure," the Editor says, "we state that the steamboat Queenston arrived here (York) on Thursday last, without having
 sustained any serious injury in consequence of the late accident which happened
 by her getting aground near Kingston. The apprehensions which were entertained for the safety of
 this fine boat are therefore happily removed. After getting off she returned to
 Prescott, where the necessary
 repairs were immediately made, and brought up several passengers and a full
 cargo."
 A communication from Hugh
 Richardson, Captain of the Canada, appears in the Loyalist of
 Oct. 14, 1826. A passenger has leaped overboard from his vessel and been
 drowned. " To the Editor of the U. E. Loyalist. Sir, - On Friday evening a
 passenger on board the Canada, on her way from Burlington Beach to Niagara, was seen by the man at the helm to jump overboard. On the
 alarm being given, in an instant the sails were in, engine stopped, and boat
 lowered, into which I jumped with two hands, and rowed a quarter of a mile in
 our wake, but, I am sorry to say, without success. On returning aboard, his hat
 was found, as if deliberately placed near the gangway whence he jumped. The hat
 is a new white one, and beside the maker's name is written 'Joseph Jewell Claridge,
 Jersey City.' The hat
 contained a new red and yellow silk handkerchief, a pair of white cotton gloves,
 and three-quarters of a dollar in silver. He was a good-looking young man, well
 dressed, in blue coat, yellow waistcoat, black or blue pantaloons and boots. He
 had neither bundle nor luggage, and came on board at Burlington Beach. I am inclined
 to think from all appearances, and the trifle of money left in the hat, that
 distressed circumstances had pourtrayed, in a too sensitive mind, insurmountable
 evils, producing temporary derangement, during which the barriers of nature were
 broken down; and he rushed in frenzy before his Maker. Perhaps by your kindly
 inserting this it may meet the eye of some relation or friend, to whom, on
 application, the little articles he left will be restored. I am, Sir, your most
 obedient servant, Hugh
 Richardson. York, Oct. 3,
 1826."
 (We shall have other communications of Capt. Richardson's brought under our notice shortly.
 They are always marked by vigour; and are now and then pleasantly racy of the
 profession to which the writer belonged.)
 The Loyalist of Nov. 11, 1826, notices a second accident
 which has befallen Captain
 Mosier's vessel. It says: "The steamer Niagara, on her way from Prescott last week, unfortunately
 struck on a reef of rocks off Poplar
 Point, about fifty miles from Kingston, where, at the latest dates, she was lying on her beam
 ends, in about five feet of water. The Queenston brought her passengers up," it is added, "on
 Saturday last; and we are informed that, owing to the exertions of Capt. Mosier, the greater part of
 her cargo has been forwarded to York. Yesterday a person who came from the Niagara, stated that she had received no damage from the
 late gales of wind, and as she has weathered these, we sincerely hope that she
 may be got off without much difficulty or injury." In the next number it is
 noted that "at the latest dates the steamboat Niagara was still aground. The greatest
 exertions are making by Capt.
 Mosier to get her off. The weather has been tempestuous; but we are
 happy to hear that the Niagara has not received any material injury."
 In this number is a notice that "a meeting of the stockholders of the
 Steampacket Canada will be
 held at York, on board of the Boat,
 on Monday, the 4th of December, at 12 o'clock. By order of the Committee of
 Management. J. W. Gamble,
 Treasurer. York, 15th Nov., 1826."
 -One result of the meeting thus advertised is an address to the stockholders
 from Capt. Richardson, which
 appears in the Loyalist of Dec. 9. The Captain is plainly uneasy in view
 of the possibility of the majority deciding that he shall not be in the sole
 charge and management of the Canada in the ensuing year. He announces his intention to
 visit England during the winter, for the purpose of raising funds among his
 friends which may enable him to buy out the few persons who are associated with
 him in the ownership of the boat. "Gentlemen'' he says, "it having been decided
 at a Meeting of the Stockholders, held on board the Canada, that I should be invested with the
 sole charge and management of the boat the ensuing year, unless at a Meeting to
 be held the first Monday in March, other arrangements take place, I seize this
 opportunity, on the eve of my departure for England, to assure the Stockholders that I have made every
 arrangement for the safety of the boat and the necessary repairs. And at the
 same time I respectfully submit to them the ostensible motive of my voyage.
 Gentlemen, I am so deeply embarked in the speculation I have entered into, that
 the prospect of the stock depreciating, and of the boat's services and my own
 labours being rendered abortive in so lucrative a ferry as that betwixt York and Niagara, mainly by a plurality of the management, fills
 me with dismay. And, as I trust I am entitled to the confidence the Stockholders
 generally placed in my abilities, and am convinced that unless the power of
 management be invested in one person to act with all his energies in the scene
 of profits, to seize the advantages of market in the economy of the outlay with
 the discretion of a sole owner, loss and ruin to myself must ensue. With this
 view of the subject I embark for England
 to endeavour to raise funds and relieve those gentlemen who are averse to my
 management, and to take up the remainder of the stock, that they who so kindly
 confided in my assurances of individual profit, and placed implicit reliance in
 my integrity and abilities, may not be disappointed in their fair expectations.
 Confident that I possess the hearty wishes of success from many valuable
 patrons, in taking leave, I am happy to subscribe myself, Gentlemen, your most
 obedient humble servant, Hugh
 Richardson. York, Dec. 6,
 1826."
 By the 24th of March in the following year (1827) he is back again in
 York. In the Loyalist of
 the date just given is a second address to the stockholders, preparatory to the
 meeting which is to take place on the 2nd of April. He recounts his proceedings
 in England, and urges again his own
 appointment as sole manager of the Canada. As illustrative of the anxieties attendant at an
 early period, and at all periods, on individual personal enterprise,
 insufficiently supported, the document possesses an interest.
 "To the Stockholders in the Canada Steamboat. Gentlemen, it must be fresh in the
 memory of you all that I am the original projector of the Canada ; that my abilities, in
 whatever light they may be viewed, were wholly employed in planning,
 constructing and fitting her out. Facts have already proved that I led no one
 astray by false theories in her construction; and her engine is upon the model
 of the very best now generally in use in England. I have been all along by far the largest shareholder, and
 nearly the whole of the shares were taken up by gentlemen upon my personal
 solicitations, in doing which I did not fear, in the strongest language I was
 master of, to pledge the success of the undertaking, not only on the prospect of
 the lucrative ferry, but also upon the faith of my own personal exertions. Then
 do I infer too much by saying that a friendly disposition towards me, a
 confidence in my abilities and my integrity (with very few exceptions), was the
 basis upon which I met with such general patronage? However, after a certain
 period it was no longer possible to raise sufficient stock to complete the
 vessel ; the expedient of borrowing was resorted to, and a debt of L1,200
 contracted with the Bank. Upon this the boat commenced her operations, and ran
 from the 7th of August, a period of 98 days; during which time, Gentlemen, I
 look upon it as a matter of congratulation that at her very first starting,
 having an American boat to oppose her, the proceeds of the Canada not only paid her current
 expenses, but also a sum of upwards of L200 in extraordinary outfit, including
 L40 insurance On money borrowed, also the interest thereon; L50 nearly for
 replacing her wheels repeatedly destroyed, and considerable repairs. I see
 nothing but what is most flattering in this her first outset. Thus it would have
 appeared had I made my report: and had I done it in the most favourable light, I
 should have thought, as one of the guardians of the property entrusted to my
 charge, that I was only fulfilling a duty I owed the Stockholders when 1
 enhanced, rather than depreciated, its value. At the end of the season, from
 disappointments and expenses in collecting the amount of the shares taken up,
 there was found still wanting a sum of L400; and .at the last general meeting
 this further sum was borrowed, hampering the boat with a debt of L1,000. At this
 crisis, at a very great personal expense, and at a greater sacrifice of domestic
 comfort, I set out for England to
 trespass upon my own immediate friends; and now return prepared to relieve the
 embarrassments of the boat, and am willing, in the face of representations that
 went to disparage the stock, to invest a much larger capital in the Canada; in doing which I confer a
 benefit upon the whole, and trust I give further proof of the sincerity of my
 professions, when I undertook the arduous task of getting up a Steamboat. But,
 Gentlemen, things have not gone as I wished, or as I intended; and, perhaps, I
 am the only person who will have property invested in this vessel to such an
 amount as to make it of vital importance that success should attend the
 adventure. Therefore, upon this ground, upon the ground of my being the
 projector of this vessel, upon the responsibility of my situation as Master,
 ostensible agent, and possessing owner, I most earnestly solicit your particular
 support to my appointment as managing owner of this vessel; and to that effect
 may I again solicit the most general attendance of the Stockholders at the
 meeting to be held on board the Canada the second of April. I am, Gentlemen, your very
 obedient and very humble servant, Hugh Richardson. York,
 24th March, 1827."
 It is to be supposed that Capt. Richardson's views were adopted at the meeting.
 In the Loyalist for May 5, 1827, we have him subscribing himself
 "Managing Owner," to the following notice: "The Canada British Steam-Packet, Capt. Hugh Richardson, leaves
 Niagara daily for York at 7 o'clock in the morning, and
 starts from York for Niagara every day at 2 o'clock in the
 afternoon. The Canada crosses
 the Lake -in the short space of
 four hours and a half, and affords travellers arriving at the Falls an expeditious and
 convenient opportunity of visiting the Capital of Upper Canada. Fare: Cabin
 passage, two dollars; Deck and Fore Cabin, one dollar. Passengers returning
 immediately with the boat will only pay half the above prices for the return.
 Hugh Richardson, Managing
 Owner. York, April 21, 1827."
 In 1827 Capt.
 Richardson was the recipient of an honorary present of a Key Bugle.
 In the Loyalist of June 30, '27, we read the following card:-
 "Mr. Richardson takes this
 opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of a Key Bugle from the young gentlemen
 of York, accompanied by a letter
 expressive of their esteem and approbation of his conduct in the management of
 the Canada. In returning his
 sincere thanks for the above mark of their valued esteem and the high compliment
 paid him in the accompanying letter, he must look upon the warm and friendly
 colouring which they have been pleased to give to his conduct, as a picture
 drawn by the free and generous hand of youth, rather to emulate, than having
 semblance to the original. Nevertheless, his aim has ever been, and ever will
 be, to do credit to those who placed him where he is, and to support the
 character of a British seaman. York.
 30th June, 1827."
 From a preceding number of the Loyalist in
 this year we learn that on the 20th of April the mate of the Canada was accidentally drowned.
 The paper just mentioned says:- "George
 Reid, mate of the Steamboat Canada, was last night drowned by falling from the plank
 leading from the wharf to the vessel. It is painful to hear that the unfortunate
 man leaves a wife and five children to deplore his sudden loss."
 The Loyalist of the 7th of that month says His Excellency the
 Lieutenant-Governor and family left York for Stamford on Wednesday morning last, on board the Steamboat
 Queenston. His
 Excellency's departure was announced by a salute from the Garrison.
 On May the 12th the Queenston has returned from Niagara, and meets with a casualty at York. The Loyalist of
 the 19th says: "The Steamboat Queenston met with an accident while lying at the wharf
 here on Saturday last. In raising the steam before proceeding to Niagara, the boiler was partially
 burst. The accident was not attended with any serious consequences. The
 Queenston was
 delayed until the following Thursday in making the necessary repairs, before she
 proceeded on her voyage."
 In June this year (1827) the Niagara has been removed from the spot where she was run ashore last
 year, and is undergoing repairs at Kingston. In the Loyalist of June 16, 1827, we read: " We
 are happy to hear that the Steamboat Niagara has been got off the rocks near Long Point, and that she is now lying in the harbour at
 Kingston, undergoing repairs.
 She is stated to have received but little damage; and it was expected that in
 the course of a month she would commence her regular trips across the Lake."
 In the Loyalist of May 26, 1827, we hear once more of the
 Frontenac. She is
 laid up, we are told, and a steamer to succeed her is to be built: " We are
 happy to hear," the Loyalist says, " that Captain McKenzie, late in command of the Frontenac (now laid up), has
 made arrangements for building a new boat, to be propelled by an engine of
 greater power than that of any other now navigating the Lake. The acknowledged ability of Capt. McKenzie while in command
 of the Frontenac, the
 regularity with which her trips were performed, and the attention he at all
 times bestowed to the comfort and convenience of his passengers, induce us to
 hope that the undertaking he has commenced will be speedily carried into
 effect."
 In the Loyalist of June 9th, 1827, the Frontenac is offered for sale
 by auction at Kingston. In the
 advertisement, the historical machinists Boulton & Watt are named as the makers of her
 engine: "By Public Auction. Will be sold on Monday, the second of July next, at
 Kingston, as she now lays
 (sic) at the wharf, the Steamboat Frontenac, with her anchors, chain-cables,
 rigging, &c. Also the engine, of 50 horse power, manufactured by Messrs. Watt &
 Boulton. Sale to commence at 10 o'clock a.m., on board. For any
 further information application to made to Mr. Strange,
 Kingston, or to John Hamilton, Queenston. June 1, 1827."
 Possibly no sale was effected, for we learn from the Loyalist of
 Sept. 1 that the Frontenac
 was to be removed to Niagara by
 Mr. Hamilton. The
 Loyalist copies from the Upper Canada Herald, published at Kingston, the following paragraph: "Yesterday the old Frontenac, under the care of
 R. Hamilton, Esq., left
 Kingston for Niagara, where, we understand, she is
 to be broken up. Mr. Hamilton
 is preparing materials for a new boat of about 350 tons.
 We then gather from a Loyalist of Sept. 29, 1827, that while
 lying at the wharf at Niagara, the
 Frontenac was
 mischievously set fire to. The paper just named says: "The Messrs. Hamilton, proprietors
 of the Steamboat Frontenac, have offered a reward of L100 for the discovery of the
 persons who set fire to that vessel some time ago. The Frontenac, after being fired,
 was loosed from her moorings, and had drifted some distance into the Lake, when she was met by the
 Niagara
 Capt. Mosier, who took her in tow,
 and succeeded in bringing her to the wharf at Niagara, where after some exertions the flames were
 extinguished."
 This, as we suppose, terminates the history of the Frontenac, the first steamboat
 on Lake Ontario.
 As associated with Boulton & Watt's engine, spoken of above, we must mention
 the name of Mr. John Leys, for some
 years Capt. McKenzie's chief
 engineer on board the Frontenac. At the outset of steam navigation, men competent
 to superintend the working of the machinery of a steamboat were, of course, not
 numerous, and Captains were obliged in some degree to humour their chief
 engineer when they had secured the services of one. Capt. McKenzie, it would be said, was somewhat
 tyrannized over by Mr. Leys, who was
 a Scot, not very tractable - and the Frontenac's movements, times of sailing, and so on, were
 very much governed by a will in the hold, independent of that of the ostensible
 Commander. Mr. Leys, familiarly
 spoken of as Jock Leys, was long well known in York.
 In July, 1827, the Queenston was engaged in the transfer of troops. In the
 Loyalist of July 21, 1827, we read: "Detachments of the
 68th Regiment for Amherstburg,
 under the command of Captain
 North; Fort George,
 Captain Melville; and
 Penetanguishene, Ensign Medley, were on board the
 Queenston, and
 proceeded on Tuesday last to their several destinations. On Thursday the
 Queenston returned
 to York from Niagara, when the first division Of the 70th Regiment
 embarked to proceed to Lower Canada." In
 her next trip the Queenston brought more troops, and took more away. In the
 Loyalist of the 28th of July we read: " The first
 division of the 68th Regiment for this Garrison arrived by the Queenston on Tuesday, and on
 her return a second detachment of the 70th proceeded to Lower Canada. The
 exchanges are now we believe nearly completed," the Loyalist
 adds. In the number for August 4, the Queenston is once more spoken of as engaged in the
 conveyance of troops to and from York. "The head-quarter division of the 68th Regiment, under the
 command of Major Winniett,
 arrived on Tuesday morning, and on Thursday that of the 70th Regiment, under
 Lieut.-Colonel Evans,
 embarked on board the steamboat Queenston. During the short stay made by the 70th
 Regiment in this garrison," the Loyalist says, " their conduct has been
 such as to secure to them the same kind feelings which have been expressed
 towards them by the inhabitants of the towns in both Provinces where they have
 at different times been stationed. They are now on their return to their native
 country, after a long and honourable period of service in the Canadas, and they
 carry with them the best wishes of the inhabitants for their future welfare and
 prosperity." When thus announcing the departure of the 70th Regiment, the
 Loyalist adds: "We cannot but notice with pleasure the
 arrival of so distinguished a corps as the 68th amongst us." The standing
 advertisement of the Queenston for this year may be added: "Lake Ontario Steam-Boat Notice : The
 Public are informed that the Steam-Boat Queenston, Captain James Whitney, has commenced making her regular trips, and
 will during the summer leave the different Ports as follows : Leave Niagara for Kingston, Brockville, and Prescott, every Thursday morning at 8 o'clock precisely ; and leave
 Prescott on her return for
 Brockville, Kingston and York, every Sunday, at 12 o'clock, noon. Arrangements
 have been' made with Messrs. Norton and Co., Stage Proprietors, Prescott, by which passengers going
 down will arrive at Montreal on
 Saturday evening; and passengers proceeding upwards will, by leaving Montreal on Saturday morning, arrive
 at Prescott in time to take the
 Boat. Every endeavour has been made to render the accommodation and fare on
 board of the best description. Queenston, May 25, 1827."
 In a Loyalist of this period we have a communication from
 Captain Richardson, of the
 Canada, giving an
 authentic account of the swamping of a small boat in the attempt to put a
 passenger on board his steamer in the Niagara river. This characteristic letter contains some excellent
 directions as to the proper method of boarding a steamer when under way.
 "To the Editor of the U. E. Loyalist. - Sir, according to your
 request, and to prevent misrepresentation, I herewith furnish you with the
 particulars of the little accident that occurred to a Ferry Boat in Niagara River, in attempting to
 board the Canada. On Saturday
 last as the Canada passed the
 lower ferry, coming out of Niagara
 river, a boat put off with a passenger, and contrary to the rule laid
 down to admit of no delays after the hour of departure, I ordered the engine to
 be stopped, to take the passenger on board. The Ferryman, instead of rowing to
 the gangway of the Canada,
 pulled the boat stem on to her bow before the water wheel. The vessel going
 through the water, all possibility of retreat from that position was precluded,
 and the inevitable swamping of the boat ensued. Fortunately the engine was
 entirely stopped: the Ferryman had the good luck to get hold of the wheel and
 ascend by it. The passenger, after passing under it, clung to the floating
 skiff. No time was lost in going to his relief with the boats of the Canada, and both escaped
 uninjured. Any comment upon the impropriety of boarding a steam vessel before
 the water wheel would be absurd; but I may be allowed to advise this general
 rule to all persons going alongside of a steam vessel, viz. : always to board to
 leeward, never to attempt to cross her hawse, but to bring the boat's head round
 in the same direction with the vessel under way; row up on her lee quarter
 double oar's length distance, until abreast of the gangway; then gradually sheer
 alongside, keeping as much as possible in parallel line with the direction of
 the vessel you are boarding. I am, sir, your very obedient servant, Hugh Richardson, Master of the
 Canada."
 A passage from Captain Richardson's
 "Report on the Preservation and Improvement of the
 Harbour," to which in 1854 a supplementary or extra premium of L75
 was awarded by the Harbour Commissioners, may be quoted as a further example of
 the neat employment of a sailor's technical language. (He is arguing against
 cutting a canal into the Harbour at the Carrying Place, where the great
 irruption of the waters of the Lake
 subsequently took place.) "With wind at S. W., and stormy," he says, " (such a
 canal) would be valuable for exit, but for entrance from the east, every
 nautical man would prefer making a stretch out into the open Lake, weathering
 the Light at one long board, and rounding into the Harbour with a fair wind, to
 hauling through the Canal, coming in dead upon a lee shore, and having to beat
 up the Bay in short tacks." Some twenty years previously similar views had been
 expressed in a printed essay on York
 Harbour - a production in which, in his zeal for the well-being of the Bay,
 Captain Richardson said
 some hard things of the river Don,
 which we may here notice. The person who had uttered an imprecation on the North
 Pole, Sidney Smith pronounced
 capable of speaking evil next even of the Equator. Of what enormity of language
 must not the dwellers by the stream which pours its tribute into the Harbour of
 York, have thought Captain Richardson capable, when
 they heard him in his haste call that respectable stream "a monster of
 ingratitude," "an insidious monster," "the destroying cancer of the Port?" "From
 the moment that the peninsula raised its protecting head above the waters, and
 screened the Don from the surges of
 the Lake, the Don." Captain Richardson says, " like a monster of ingratitude, has
 displayed such destructive industry as to displace by its alluvial disgorgings
 by far the greater part of the body of water originally enclosed by the
 peninsula. The whole of the marsh to the East, once deep and clear water, is,"
 he asserts, "the work of the Don, and
 in the Bay of York, where now its
 destructive mouths are turned, vegetation shews itself in almost every
 direction, prognosticating" as he speaks, "the approaching conversion of this
 beautiful sheet of water into another marshy delta of the Don." Fothergill, too, in an address to the Electors of the County of Durham, in 1826,
 indulges in a fling at the river which pays its tribute to the Harbour of York. After quoting some strong words
 of the elder Pitt in the
 British House of Commons on the subject of public robbery and national plunder,
 he adds: "Perhaps the very quoting of such language will be deemed treasonable
 within the pestilential range of the vapours of the marsh of the great Don, and of the city of many
 waters," meaning York, the
 head-quarters of the Government. But the
 Don, the poor unconscious object of all this invective, is in reality
 no more to blame than is the savage because he is a savage, not having had a.
 chance to be anything else. In proceeding to lay the foundation of a delta of
 solid land at its mouth, the Don
 followed the precedent of other streams, in conformity with the physical
 conditions of its situation. When at length the proper hour arrived, and the
 right men appeared, possessed of the intelligence, the vigour and the wealth
 equal to the task of bettering nature by art on a considerable scale, then at
 once the true value and capabilities of the
 Don were brought out into view. Speedily then were its channel and
 outlet put to their proper and foreordained use, being transformed by means of
 cribwork and embankments into a convenient interior harbour for Toronto, an arrangement of high
 importance to the interests of a now populous quarter, where some of the most
 striking developments of business activity and manufacturing enterprise that the
 capital of Ontario can boast of, have been witnessed."
 But to return. We were tracing the fortunes of Captain Richardson's boat, the
 Canada, in 1827.
 In July, 1827, the Canada met with an accident. She broke her main shaft on
 the Lake. The Loyalist of
 the 4th of August says : "We regret to state that the steam-boat Canada, while crossing the Lake from Niagara on Tuesday last, unfortunately broke her main
 shaft. The accident we hope is not of such a nature as to deprive us any great
 length of time of the convenience which that excellent Boat has afforded us of
 daily communication with Niagara."
 In the paper of August 18th it is announced that the Canada is all right again. "The Canada, we are happy to state,
 has again commenced making her usual trips to Niagara: she left the Harbour yesterday afternoon."
 Towards the close of the season we have a record of the brave buffetings of this
 vessel with an easterly gale on the
 Lake. " On Monday last," says the Loyalist of
 the 27th October, "we were visited by one of those violent gales of easterly
 wind, accompanied with torrents of rain, not unusual at this season of the year.
 The Steam-Boat Canada, at 10
 o'clock in the morning, when there was an appearance of the storm moderating,
 left the Niagara river for York. She had not proceeded far on her
 voyage however, when the gale increased with greater violence than before, and
 in a short time both her masts were carried away, and some damage done to her
 chimney. Fortunately her engine remained uninjured, and enabled her at about
 five in the afternoon to reach the wharf in safety. The Canada has made some of her trips in the most
 boisterous weather, and deservedly bears the name of an excellent sea boat. She
 suffered no delay from the damage she had sustained, and left the Harbour the
 following morning for Niagara. The
 weather since Monday continues boisterous and cold."
 On December 1st, the Loyalist announces that " the Canada Steam Boat made her last
 trip from Niagara on Tuesday, and is
 now laid up for the winter." In the following spring, on the 27th of March, she
 takes over Sir Peregrine
 Maitland. " His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor and family left
 York," says the Loyalist of
 March 29, 1828, "on Thursday morning for Stamford. His Excellency embarked on board the
 Canada Steam Packet
 under a salute from the Garrison." A communication from the Captain appears in
 the Loyalist of the 12th of April, having reference to this trip.
 He replies to some strictures in the Colonial
 Advocate on some alleged exclusiveness exhibited by Sir Peregrine while
 crossing the Lake in the
 Canada. "Having
 observed in the Colonial Advocate of the 3rd of April, under the head of Civilities,
 that His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor engaged the whole of the two cabins
 of the Canada for himself and
 family, and would not allow even the Members of Assembly who were returning home
 to go over that day, except as deck passengers, I have to declare the same an
 impudent falsehood. His Excellency having condescended to intimate to me his
 desire to remove his family and household as early as possible, I hastened the
 equipment of the Canada
 expressly on His Excellency's account, contrary to my intentions, and the
 requisite delay for outfit until 1st April. To all applications for passage on
 the day fixed for His Excellency's embarkation I replied, I considered the
 vessel at His Excellency's orders. The moment His Excellency came on board, and
 understood that I was excluding passengers, I received His Excellency's orders
 to take on board every passenger that wished to embark. The only further
 intimation I received of His Excellency's pleasure was, on my application to
 know if I should stop at Niagara, I
 received for answer that His Excellency had no desire to stop there, but if I
 wished it, it could make no difference to His Excellency. Born and bred under a
 Monarchical Government, educated in the discipline of a British seaman, I have
 not yet learned the insolence of elbowing a desire (in right, an order) of the
 Representative of my Sovereign, by an impertinent wish of my own. I have only to
 say that as long as I command the Canada, and have a rag of colour to hoist, my proudest
 day will be when it floats at her mast-head indicative of the presence and
 commands of the Representative of my King. Hugh Richardson, Master and Managing Owner of the
 Canada Steam-Packet.
 April 11th, 1828. P.S. Perhaps Dr. Lefferty being a Member on the right side, who embarked on board
 the Canada, and who did me
 the honour of a call a night or two before, for information, may confirm
 this."
 Captain Richardson,
 as we can see, was a man of chivalrous temperament. His outward physique,
 moreover, corresponded with his character. His form was lithe, graceful and
 officer-like. It was not alone when the Governor of the Province happened to be
 present that established distinctions in society were required to be observed on
 board the Canada
 steam-packet. At all times he was particular on this point. This brought him
 into collision occasionally with democratically disposed spirits, especially
 from the opposite side of the Lake;
 but he did not scruple to maintain his rules by main force when extreme measures
 were necessary, calling to his aid the stout arms of a trusty crew.
 
 The Harbour: Its Marine, 1828-63
 THE Canada's
 advertisement for the season of 1828 appears in the Loyalist of
 April 2. It differs a little from the one previously given. "The British
 steam-packet Canada, Captain
 Hugh Richardson, plying
 between York and Niagara, weather permitting, leaves
 Niagara, &c.,
 &c., as before. N.B. - A gun will be fired and colours hoisted
 twenty-five minutes before starting."
 It is interesting to observe that the traffic of the harbour carried on
 by schooners is still such as to require additional vessels of that class. In
 the Loyalist of April 19, 1828, the following item appears:- "A
 new schooner called the Canadian was launched here (York) yesterday morning. She is owned by Mr. Gamble and Capt. Bowkett, the latter of whom,
 we understand, takes command of her." From the same number of the Loyalist we
 learn that "the launch of Mr.
 Hamilton's new Steam Boat at Niagara was expected to take place on the 21st instant. In the paper
 of the 17th, the launch of another schooner at York is recorded. "A fine schooner called George the Fourth was
 launched here on Wednesday last. Burthen about 70 or 80 tons." In June this
 schooner is bringing emigrants to York. " During the last week," the Loyalist of
 June 7th says, "several families of emigrants, arrived from Great Britain by the
 spring shipping at Quebec, have
 reached York. The new schooner
 George the
 Fourth landed nearly one hundred persons, besides those which
 have been brought up by the steam-boats and other vessels." The case is then
 mentioned of the very reprehensible conduct of the master of one of the Lake schooners (the name is
 withheld), "who, regardless of the consequences to several families who had
 taken passage from Prescott to
 York on board his vessel, landed
 a body of emigrant settlers on Gibraltar Point, during the last week, instead of putting them, with
 their baggage, on one of the wharves in the Harbour - in consequence of which,
 women and helpless children were exposed during a whole night to the violence of
 a tremendous storm of rain, without any shelter, and, from ignorance of their
 situation, unable to get to the town. On Thursday morning the schooner
 Catherine, Captain Campbell, relieved them
 from their uncomfortable situation, and landed them safely in York.
 In the Loyalist of June 28, 1828, the arrival in York Harbour of the steamer lately
 launched at Niagara as successor to
 the Frontenac is noticed.
 She is named the Alciope.
 "The new steam-boat Alciope,
 lately built at Niagara, owned by
 Robert Hamilton, Esq., and
 under the command of Capt.
 McKenzie, late of the Frontenac, with a number of ladies and gentlemen on a
 party of pleasure, made her first entry into our Harbour on Thursday last. She
 is a fine model, and fitted up in a most elegant and convenient manner for
 passengers. She commences her regular trips, we understand, next week: and under
 the command of Capt. McKenzie,
 so well known for his skill and experience as a seaman, and for attention to his
 passengers, we have no doubt the Alciope will be found a valuable acquisition to the
 regular communication which is now afforded by means of the several steamboats
 plying on the Lake; and that she
 will receive a share of that public patronage which is so deservedly bestowed
 upon the owners and commanders of other boats, whose public spirited exertions
 are deserving of the highest praise."
 Alciope is a
 singular name, taken as we suppose from the Greek mythology, betokening, it may
 have been thought, one of the Nereids, although we are not aware that the name
 occurs on the roll of that very large family. One of the several wives of the
 mighty Hercules was a daughter of Alciopus - she consequently may be conceived
 to have been an Alciope. But how Mr. Hamilton, of Queenston, or Captain McKenzie, came to think
 of such a recherche name for the new steamer is a mystery which we wish we could
 clear up. It is certain that the selection led to mispronunciations and
 misconceptions on the part of the general public. By the unlearned she was
 usually spoken of as the Alci-ope, of course. By a kind of
 antagonism among the unwashed she was the All-soap. In a similar
 way, Captain McIntosh's
 vessel, the 
 Eunice, which frequented the
 harbour at an early period, was almost always popularly and excusably termed the
 Euneece.
 In the year 1828, Commodore
 Barrie was in York
 Harbour. "His Majesty's schooner Cockburn," says the Loyalist of
 June 7, "bearing the broad pennon of Commodore Barrie, entered this port on Monday last, and on landing
 at the Garrison, the Commodore was received by a salute, which was returned from
 the schooner. The yacht Bullfrog was in company with the Cockburn. Commodore Barrie," it is added,
 "proceeds by land to Lake
 Simcoe, and thence on a tour of inspection at the several Naval Depots of
 the Lakes."
 In the Loyalist of June 21, Capt. Richardson is taking time by the forelock and
 advertising for dry pine to be supplied as fuel for the Canada in the following season of 1829.
 "Steam-boat Notice. Persons willing to supply the Canada Steam-packet with dry pine for the
 ensuing season of 1829, will please make application immediately to the
 subscriber for the contract. Hugh
 Richardson, Master and Managing Owner of the Canada Steam-packet. York, June, 20, 1828." On the 30th of August we have:-
 "Until further notice the Canada Steam-packet will leave York as soon after her arrival as she has received her
 supply of wood, firing a gun, and hoisting colours half an hour before starting.
 "We have also a notice in regard to the Alciope in the Loyalist of Sept. 6:- "The steam-boat
 Alciope will take
 freight and passengers from this port (York) during the remainder of the season, every Saturday morning at
 6 o'clock, on her way down from Niagara to Prescott, to
 commence to-morrow. York, 20th
 August."
 From the Loyalist of Sept. 27, 1828, we learn that Mr. George Savage has been
 appointed to the Collectorship of the port of York. He himself announces the fact to the public in the
 following advertisement:- "His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor having been
 pleased to appoint me to the Collectorship of Customs for this port, I beg leave
 to acquaint the merchants, shipowners, and others having business to transact
 with this branch of the revenue after the first day of October next, that I have
 temporarily established an office in part of the premises fronting on Duke
 Street, occupied by Mr. Columbus. George Savage, Collector. York, 26th September, 1828." Bulky in form and somewhat
 consequential in manner, Mr.
 Savage was a conspicuous figure in York down to the time of his death in 1835, when he was
 succeeded by Mr. Thos. Carfrae.
 Mr. Savage was, as his office
 required him to be, vigilant in respect of the dues leviable at the Port of
 York. But the contrabandists
 were occasionally too adroit for him. We have heard of a number of kegs or
 barrels, supposed to contain spirits, confidentially reported to him as sunk in
 the depths of the bay, near one of the wharves, which kegs or barrels, when
 carefully fished up and conveyed to Mr.
 Mosley's rooms to be disposed of by auction, were found, on being
 tapped, to contain harmless water; but while Mr. Savage and his men were busily engaged in making
 this profitless seizure, the real wares - teas, spirits, and so on-which were
 sought to be illicitly introduced, were landed without molestation in Humber Bay. The practice of
 smuggling was, we believe, rather rife in and about the harbour of York in the olden time. In a
 Gazette of 1820 (Nov. 30), we observe the schooner
 Industry advertised
 for sale by the Custom House authorities as having been taken in the act; and on
 the 17th of October, 1821, Mr.
 Allan reports to the magistrates, at Quarter Sessions, that he had
 seized ten barrels of salt, in which were found concealed kegs of tobacco to the
 value of five pounds and upwards, brought to York from the United States in an American schooner,
 called the New Haven,
 A. Johnson, master. The
 Magistrates declared the whole forfeited to the "King." At the same time a
 system of illicit reciprocity was in vogue, and the products of Canada were
 introduced, or sought to be introduced, into the domain of the United States,
 sometimes in singular ways. On one occasion Daniel Lambert, a gigantic
 wax-figure, returned from Canada to the United States replete with articles
 designed for import without entry. The Albany Argus of the day thus describes
 the adventure:- "Daniel Lambert turned smuggler. - This mammoth gentleman of
 wax, who is exhibited for the admiration of the curious in every part of the
 country, was lately met on his way from Canada by a Custom House officer, who,
 remarking the rotundity of Daniel's corporation, had the curiosity to subject it
 to a critical inspection; when, lo! instead of flesh and blood, or even straw,
 the entire fabric of this unwieldy gentleman was found to be composed of fine
 English cloths and kerseymeres."
 Towards the close of the year 1828 we have Capt. Mosier's marriage mentioned in a number of the
 Loyalist (for Dec. 13), thus: "Married at Prescott, on the 20th ult., Capt. John Mosier, Master of the
 Niagara
 Steam-packet, to Miss Caroline F.
 Munro, second daughter of Major
 Munro, of Edwardsburgh."
 In January, 1829, the schooner George Canning was plying between York and Niagara, the weather being open. In the Niagara
 Herald of Jan.
 29, 1829, we have the notice, " Conveyance to York, Upper Canada, by the fast-sailing schooner
 George
 Canning, commanded by Capt. J. Whitney. The public are respectfully informed
 that during the continuance of the present open season the above schooner will
 ply as a Packet between York and
 Niagara. From being perfectly
 new and thoroughly found, she is with confidence recommended as a safe and easy
 mode of conveyance to the capital of Upper Canada. For information in regard to
 time of departure, application to be made to Capt. Whitney on board, or at Chrysler's Inn, Niagara. January 22, 1829." The
 Loyalist of April 4 in this year, 1829, reports that "
 the steamboat Canada is ready
 to commence her trips to and from Niagara as soon as the ice is out of the bay. It has broken up a
 good deal," the Loyalist says, " within the last few days, and from its
 appearance after the late rain we may hope that the navigation will soon be
 open. Schooners have been crossing the
 Lake for some time past. Last year the first steamboat from Kingston arrived here on the fifth of
 April." The usual advertisement of the Canada's movements for the season appears in this number
 of the Loyalist.
 In May the steamer Niagara
 brought up Bishop
 Macdonell. The Loyalist of May 9, 1829, notes his
 arrival at York:- "The R. C. Bishop, the Rev.
 Mr. Macdonell, arrived here in the steamboat Niagara on Tuesday last, accompanied by the Rev. W. Macdonell." It is
 added:- "The Rev. Messrs. Fraser
 and Chisholm arrived on the
 Thursday following in the Alciope." In this month the Queenston takes away troops from York. In the Loyalist of
 May 16, 1829, the following item appears:- "The first division of the 68th
 Regiment, under the command of Capt. Macdonell, en route to Montreal, left York on
 Tuesday last, on board the Queenston. The Alciope, from Kingston, brings intelligence of their having arrived at that place
 on the following day." The same paper reports that "the steam-boats have some
 difficulty in getting into the Niagara
 River from the large quantities of ice passing down from the Upper
 Lake." And again in the same paper, under date of Niagara, May 11:- "The ice from Lake Erie has been running most of the last week, and
 continues to run to-day-so much so that the river, we believe, has not been
 passable since nine o'clock this morning."
 A notice of the opening of navigation at Buffalo this year appears in the Loyalist of
 May 23, copied from the Buffalo Republican of the 16th of May. The scene is
 graphically depicted. "The schooner Eagle," the Republican says, "was the first
 vessel that entered our harbour this season. She ploughed her way through three
 or four miles of floating ice to the gratification of about a thousand
 spectators. "The Republican also gives the following, which presents us
 with even grander spectacles:- "On Thursday morning the steamboat Pioneer started through the ice
 on her first trip to Dunkirk, with a
 full load of passengers. In the afternoon the steamer William Penn, Capt. Wright, commenced her first
 trip to Detroit, having on board
 upwards of 400 passengers destined to Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. "On Friday, about noon," the
 Buffalo paper
 then adds, "the steamboat Henry Clay,
 Norton, having previously arrived
 from Black Rock, left our harbour
 in fine style, having a heavy and full load of passengers. The steamboat
 Niagara, Pease, will leave on Monday for
 Detroit, as we understand."
 A casualty in York Bay is
 noticed in the Loyalist of Oct. 4, 1828. "Mr. William Crone, contractor for gravelling the streets
 of the town, was unfortunately drowned on Saturday last. It appears that Mr.
 Crone was knocked overboard from the Durham boat, in which he was bringing a
 load of gravel from the Island, by the sudden shifting of the boom, and, being
 stunned by the blow, sunk before assistance could be rendered to him."
 In Oct., 1828, Sir
 Peregrine Maitland arrives in York Harbour on board of the yacht Bullfrog, compelled to put in by stress of
 weather. He was on his way from the Lower Province to Niagara. "His Excellency Sir P. Maitland, after having visited
 Quebec, returning by the route of
 the Rideau Canal, arrived at York," says the Loyalist of
 Oct. 18, " on Monday morning from Kingston, on board His Majesty's yacht Bullfrog, Commodore Barrie, and on landing was received by a
 salute from the garrison. It was His Excellency's intention, we understand, to
 have landed at Niagara, but the
 Bullfrog - having
 encountered a heavy gale on the previous night, was obliged to make for York. His Excellency proceeded to
 Niagara on Wednesday by the
 Canada, and Commodore Barrie with the
 Bullfrog left the
 harbour on the same day on return to Kingston." Sir Peregrine, we may observe, was on the point of
 leaving Upper Canada, having been appointed to the Government of Nova Scotia.
 The arrival of his successor at New
 York is announced in the same paper. "The packet ship Corinthian arrived at New York on the evening of the 7th
 instant. Sir John Colborne
 and family were passengers in the Corinthian, and may therefore be daily
 expected at this place (York)." It
 is announced in the same paper that " a public dinner will be given to His
 Excellency Sir Peregrine
 Maitland, previous to his departure from this Province. Tickets of
 admission to be had at Messrs. Meighan's." In the number for November 4, we have
 an account of the addresses which are being presented to Sir Peregrine on the
 occasion of his departure, with the remark:- "The expressions of respect for his
 administration of the Government, and of personal esteem towards His Excellency
 and family, which these addresses contain, afford the most satisfactory
 testimonials that the sincere and anxious desire of His Excellency for the
 improvement of the country and the happiness of ' its inhabitants are duly
 appreciated when the period of a long and arduous administration is about to
 terminate. These, together with the approbation of his Sovereign, fully evinced
 by the more important Civil and Military honours conferred upon him, cannot but
 be gratifying, as well to His Excellency as to the inhabitants of the Province
 generally." And again in the Loyalist of the 15th Nov., it is stated
 that " the last Gazette contains addresses to His Excellency Sir Peregrine Maitland,
 on his departure from the Province-from the Magistrates, Grand jury, and Bar of
 the London District, in
 Quarter Sessions assembled; from the towns of Kingston and Brockville, and from Grimsby, all expressing the same sentiments of personal regard and
 respect for his administration of this Government, as those which were
 previously presented from other places to His Excellency."
 On Monday, the 10th of November, the new Governor, Sir John Colborne, is at the Falls, making explorations
 there, while the steamer Canada is taking the luggage on board at Lewiston, preparatory to the passage
 over to York. The Niagara Gleaner,
 quoted in the Loyalist, says:- "On Monday last His Excellency Sir John
 Colborne paid a visit to the
 Falls. His own elegant carriage, drawn by four spirited horses,
 furnished by Mr. Chrysler,
 carried his Excellency's lady, her sister Miss Yonge, and five children. His
 Excellency went on horseback, accompanied by Capt. Phillpotts, of the Royal Engineers. In the
 meantime the steamer Canada
 went to Lewiston, took in His
 Excellency's luggage, and was ready to receive His Excellency and family at an
 early hour on Tuesday morning. On the departure of the vessel a salute was fired
 from Fort George. We have been
 informed," the Gleaner adds, " that His Excellency was highly
 gratified with the first view of the Province and the friendly reception he met
 with; also of the good things he partook of at the hotel, much of which was the
 produce of the Province."
 Capt. McKenzie died
 August 27, 1832, aged 50. At the time of his death he was engaged in the
 construction of a steamer at the head of
 the Lake, and of another on Lake Simcoe. In 1832 Capt.
 Elmsley is offering for sale his yacht the Dart. In the York Sapper
 and Miner of Oct. 25, 1832, we read the notice :-"For
 sale, the fast-sailing cutter Dart, 22 1/2; tons burden, with or without rigging, sails,
 and other furniture. For particulars enquire of the Hon. John Elmsley.
 York, 24th May, 1832." There is an
 accidental prolepsis in the "Hon." He was not appointed to a seat in the Upper
 House until after 1837. Capt. Elmsley, with his friend, Mr. Jeffrey Hale, afterwards of
 Quebec, left the service of the
 Royal Navy about 1832. In
 1837 Captain Elmsley was appointed to the command of a Government vessel
 carrying two swivel-guns on the Lower St. Lawrence. He subsequently settled for a time on his
 estate known as Clover Hill, where he expended considerable sums of money in
 farming operations. Later he again undertook the command of a vessel, the
 James Coleman,
 trading on his own account between Halifax and Quebec. He
 afterwards, for a time, commanded one of the mail steamers on Lake Ontario, the Sovereign. (In several other
 connections we have had occasion to give particulars of Captain Elmsley's
 career.) The Dart, above named,
 was built at York by Mr. Purkis, a well-known shipwright
 there. In 1834, we notice, in MacKenzie's
 Advocate of March 13, a marine item following an observation
 on the mildness of the season :- "The weather is very mild for the season," the
 Advocate says: "occasional showers - plenty of sunshine
 and slight frosts. A schooner sailed last Tuesday for Niagara, and is expected back to-morrow."
 It was in 1834 the grand old name Toronto was recovered by the harbour and town, whose early marine we
 have sought in some degree to recall.
 We have evidence in the Toronto
 Recorder of
 July 30, 1834, that, at that period, at least seven steamers were frequenting
 the harbour of Toronto. In the paper
 named we read in succession seven rather long steamboat advertisements. " The
 splendid low pressure steamboat the Constitution, Edward Zealand, master." She runs from Hamilton to Toronto, touching at Oakville - thence to Cobourg, touching at Port Hope; thence to Rochester, and vice versa. It is stated
 that "the Constitution
 will afford a safe and expeditious opportunity for merchants from New York and other places to forward
 their goods by way of Rochester to
 the head of the Lake Ontario."
 Agents at Hamilton, Messrs. E. and J. Ritchie;
 Oakville, Mr. Thomas;
 Toronto, James F. Smith, Esq.; Rochester, Mr.
 Greene, forwarder; Cobourg, E. Perry, Esq.;
 Port Hope, J. Brown, Esq. Captain Zealand had formerly been in the command of an
 ocean-going merchant ship. "The steamboat William IV, Charles Paynter, Commander, propelled by a Low-Pressure
 Engine of a Hundred Horse-power." She runs between Prescott, Niagara, and Lewiston,
 touching at Brockville, Gananoque, Kingston, Cobourg, Port Hope,
 Toronto, Hamilton, and vice
 versa. " For freight or passage, apply at the Post-office, Toronto, or to the Captain on board."
 Four smoke funnels rendered the William
 IV. recognizable at a distance. "The fast-sailing
 steamboat, St. George,
 Lieut. Harper, R.N.,
 Commander." She runs between Prescott, Brockville,
 Kingston, Toronto, and Niagara, and vice versa. " This beautiful
 vessel," the advertisement says, " is propelled by a Low-Pressure Engine of
 Ninety Horse-power, is schooner rigged, and has accommodation for sixty cabin
 passengers. The St.
 George will wait the arrival of the passengers who leave Montreal by Thursday morning's
 stage." "The splendid fast-sailing steamboat Cobourg, Capt. Charles McIntosh, Master, propelled by two low-pressure
 engines of fifty-horse power each." She runs between Prescott, Brockville, Kingston
 and Toronto, and vice
 versa. " This boat will be found by the travelling community not
 surpassed by any on Lake Ontario
 for elegance, comfort and speed. The Cobourg will wait the arrival of the Montreal stage before leaving for her
 upward trip. For freight or passage apply to the Master or Purser on board."
 "The Queenston, Capt. James Sutherland." This
 is the Queenston of which
 we have heard already. She runs, according to the advertisement in the
 Recorder, between Toronto and Hamilton.
 "Cabin passage each way, two dollars (meals extra). Deck passage each way, one
 dollar. All baggage and small parcels at the risk of the owners, unless
 delivered to the Captain and entered as freight. Freight payable on delivery. As
 the boat will be punctual to the hour of sailing, passengers are requested to be
 on board in due time." Captain
 Sutherland has been chief officer of the first steamer which crossed
 the Atlantic to Quebec, the Unicorn. He had before been engaged in the
 Hudson's Bay trade.
 "The splendid low-pressure steamboat Great Britain, Capt. Whitney." She runs between Prescott, Brockville, Kingston,
 Oswego, Cobourg, Port
 Hope, Toronto, and
 vice versa. "The accommodations on board the Great Britain have been
 much enlarged and improved during last winter, and every exertion will be used
 to ensure regularity - and comfort to the passengers. The above boat will await
 the arrival of the passengers that leave Montreal on Monday by the Upper Canada stage. Emigrants and others
 desirous of taking this conveyance are requested to call at the Ontario
 Steamboat Office in this town (Prescott), and procure tickets."
 Finally, the Recorder displays the usual advertisement of the
 Steam-packet Canada, Hugh Richardson, Master. She
 leaves Toronto daily for Niagara, at seven in the morning, and
 Niagara daily for Toronto, at one in the afternoon. The
 fares continue unchanged. "Passengers returning to either of the Ports within
 the week will only be charged half-price for the return. Accommodation for
 Horses, Carriages, and Cattle." About the same period the Oneida, of Oswego, the Hamilton, the Sir Robert Peel, and the Commodore Barrie, are
 other steamers entering the harbour of Toronto.
 Near the landing place at Niagara, a row of capacious warehouses is still to be seen, disused
 and closed up, over the large double portals of which, respectively, are to be
 dimly discerned the following inscriptions in succession :-GREAT BRITAIN; WILLIAM IV. ~ ST.
 GEORGE; UNITED KINGDOM; COBOURG; COMMODORE BARRIE; CANADA; SCHOONERS. This is a relic of the period to which we are now
 referring. These warehouses were the places of deposit for freight, tackling,
 and other property appertaining to the vessels named, with a compartment for the
 accommodation of Schooners collectively. Niagara was then the headquarters of the shipping interests of the Lake, and the place where the
 principal wholesale mercantile houses were situated.
 Sailing craft visiting the Harbour in 1835, and later, were:- the
 Three
 Brothers, the Superior, the Emily, the
 Robert Burns, the Prosperity, the Fanny, the Perseverance, the Matilda, of Oswego, the Elizabeth, of Lewiston, the Guernsey, the Peacock, the Caroline, the Fair American, the Sovereign, the Jessie Woods, the Erin, the Charlotte, the Winnebago, the Lord Nelson, the Enterprise, the Boxer.
 The Three
 Brothers was so named from the three brothers McIntosh - John,
 Robert, and Henry. John commanded the
 Three
 Brothers; Charles commanded the Superior, named second above; Robert commanded the Eunice, of which we have heard
 already. Two other brothers of this marine family were early owners of
 contiguous building lots on the cast side of Yonge street, south of Shuter
 street. Prosperous descendants of the same name are still to be found in
 business on a portion of this property. Modern improvements have caused the
 removal of many of the original buildings of this locality; but one of the
 McIntosh family residences yet remains, at the present time converted into the
 show rooms of a carriage manufactory. (Capt. Wm. McIntosh, of the Minerva Ann, a schooner of this period, was of another
 family).
 The Fanny is
 noticeable as having been the first craft commanded by Captain Dick of Toronto, who speedily afterwards became distinguished in connection
 with the steam marine of Lake
 Ontario, not only as a builder, large proprietor, and sailing master,
 but also as commander of a Despatch vessel in the Public Service, especially
 during the troubles of 1837. The Fanny was the property of Mr. James Lockhart of Niagara, as also were the Sovereign and the Jessie Woods. The Boxer was commanded by a veteran Lake captain,
 Wm. Peeke. Capt. Peeke, it
 is stated, supplied lime burnt at Duffin's Creek before the close of the last century, for the
 foundation of the Lighthouse on Gibraltar Point, and other structures in York.
 In 1835, the harbour was visited by Capt. George and his barge from Quebec. Capt.
 George - for so he was styled in these parts, although, as we shall
 see, not a professional navigator - was a combined nautical and mechanical
 genius, who vigorously urged on Government and the forwarding community the
 adoption of a scheme of his for enabling loaded vessels to overcome the rapids
 of the St. Lawrence, and
 reach the upper ports without breaking bulk. Pulleys and chains were to be
 anchored at points in the river, or along the banks of the stream. He contrived
 to get his own barge in this way up to Toronto, well filled with merchandize, and made the return trip with
 cargo of the upper country products, possibly more than once, but the
 undertaking, being found too expensive for a private individual, was abandoned;
 and soon after, the construction of canals round the rapids rendered needless
 all such ingenious projects. Mr.
 George had been long a merchant in Quebec; and it was simply his inability to secure a
 satisfactory person for the superintendence of his experiment, that induced him
 to take the command of his own vessel in her perilous venture up and down the
 St. Lawrence. Mr. George continued to reside at
 Quebec; and for an annual stipend
 of L200 he offered the corporation of the city to create for them every winter a
 "pont," or ice-bridge, opposite the city. From the action of the tides, the
 "pont" fails occasionally to form, to the great inconvenience of the
 inhabitants. Here again Mr.
 George gave ocular proof of the practicability of his plan.
 Proceeding up the river above the influence of the tide, he cut loose a vast
 field of ice and floated it down whole to Quebec, where it fixed itself fast between Cape Diamond and the
 opposite shore, and formed a "pont." It did not, however, prove sufficiently
 durable. Some eccentricity in language is remembered as characterizing Mr. George. A person conversing
 with him occasionally found himself addressed in rhyming couplets, as if, of
 their own accord, his words would run into doggerel. "Some chance of wreck
 between this and Quebec! Mishap
 befall ere I reach Montreal! You're
 a fool! go to school!" &c. His barge likewise is described as possessing
 a peculiar rig. Its masts, or rather the two spars which served to support his
 sails, formed above the deck, as we are told, a sort of large St. Andrew's
 cross, such being, according to him, the most convenient arrangement for working
 the leg of mutton or triangular sails which he used. (We note here the two
 heroic captains who were the first to encounter appalling risks on the waters of
 the St. Lawrence in vessels
 propelled by steam. Captain
 Maxwell, in the employment at the time of Messrs. McPherson and
 Crane, first discovered and navigated in a steamboat the deep channel
 of the Long Sault; and Captain Hilliard, on board the
 steamer Ontario, first
 descended the rapids at Lachine.)
 In 1835 and years immediately following, additional names appear in the
 Toronto harbour steam-marine
 lists-the Experiment, the
 Queen, the
 Gore, the Princess Royal, the
 Traveller, the
 City of
 Toronto (the first steamer so named), all of them boats built
 at Niagara under the superintendence
 of Capt. Dick, and all of them,
 with the exception of the Traveller, in the Royal Mail Service. The City of Toronto, built
 in 1841, and commanded by Captain
 Dick, was the first steamer that conveyed the mails westward. The
 mail-service previously had been performed by Mr. Weller and his stage-coaches. The principal owners
 of the vessels named were Mr. James
 Lockhart, of Niagara,
 Capt. Dick himself, Mr. Andrew Heron, also of Niagara, and Mr. Donald Bethune. The
 Experiment, above
 mentioned, was the Government Despatch boat which, under the command of Capt. Dick, did such good service on
 the Lake during the troubles of
 1837.
 When the steam-packet Canada was finally sold, Capt. Richardson commanded and principally owned the
 Transit, on the
 route between York and Niagara. This Transit was in reality the
 steamer Constitution,
 of which we have already heard as being commanded by Capt. Zealand, conjointly
 with the Transit. A steamer
 named the Queen was
 for a time maintained by Capt.
 Richardson on the route between Niagara, the head of the
 Lake, and York. The
 Queen was
 under the charge of Capt.
 Richardson's son, Mr.
 Hugh Richardson, assisted by two brothers, Charles and Henry Richardson.
 Simultaneously with the Transit and Queen, the City of Toronto (the first steamer so named) also plied
 to Niagara, under the command of
 Capt. Dick. After some years
 the Transit was sold and
 became a tug-boat on the river below. The steamer Chief Justice
 Robinson was then built by Capt. Richardson for the Niagara route, in some respects after a model of his
 own, being provided, like the ancient war-galleys, with a rostrum or projecting
 beak low down on a level with the water, for the purpose, as was generally
 supposed, of breaking a way through ice when such an impediment existed; but by
 Capt. Richardson himself,
 the peculiar confirmation of the prow was expected to facilitate the vessel's
 progress through the heavy surges of the
 Lake. About 1850 the Chief Justice Robinson became the property of
 Capt. Dick and Mr. Heron. This transfer closed the
 career of Capt. Richardson as
 a commander on the Lake. From 1852
 to 1870 he filled the post of Harbour-master at Toronto, and on the 2nd of July, 1870, he died, in the
 87th year of his age. The Chief Justice continued to ply between Toronto and Niagara, in company with the City of Toronto, until
 the removal of the latter vessel to the waters of Lake Huron, where she became famous as the Algoma.
 In 1855 the Peerless was placed
 on the Niagara route. The Peerless was an iron vessel, first
 constructed in the Clyde
 in parts, then taken asunder and shipped to Canada, where she was put together
 again under the eye of her owner, Capt.
 Dick, at Niagara. The
 number of pieces entering into the composition of the Peerless was six thousand. Such a method of
 transporting an iron ship from the Clyde to Niagara, if complicated and troublesome, was shown to be, at all
 events, a dictate of prudence by the fate which befell a vessel intended to be a
 companion to the Peerless
 on Lake Ontario. A steamship of
 iron named Her Majesty,
 built in the Clyde
 expressly for Capt. Dick, was lost
 in the Atlantic, with all the men
 in charge on board, sixteen in number; so that no clue was ever attained as to
 the cause of the disaster. We now find ourselves treating of times which,
 strictly speaking, do not come within the scope of these 'collections and
 recollections.'
 For the sake of imparting roundness and completeness to our narrative,
 we have ventured on the few details just given. We finish by simply naming the
 successor of the Peerless
 on the route to Niagara, Capt. Milloy's splendid steamer,
 the Zimmerman. It fell to
 our lot to witness the last agonies of this vessel in the devouring flames as
 she lay at the Niagara quay, near
 the mouth of the Niagara River. On
 that never-to-be-forgotten occasion (Aug. 21, 1863), the long-continued
 shrieking of the steam whistle, the resounding moans and convulsive sighs
 issuing fitfully, in a variety of keys, from the tubes of the boiler and other
 parts of the steam apparatus, gave to all hearers and on-lookers the painful and
 most affecting impression of some gigantic sentient creature helplessly
 undergoing a fiery death, suffering in the process grievous pangs, protracted
 and inexpressible.
 HOC OPUS EXEGI FESSAE DATE SERTA CARINAE CONTIGIMUS PORTUM, QUO
 MIHI CURSUS ERAT.
 ; ; Toronto, ON ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Toronto, ON ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; London, England ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Lake Erie ; Lake Ontario ; Caldwell ; Niagara, ON ; Oswego, NY ; Kingston, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Onondago ; Lady Dorchester ; Kingston, ON ; Small, John ; McCan, Lt. ; Fraser, Thomas ; Denison, John ; Forsyth, Joseph ; Crawford, L. ; Macdonald, Archibald ; Hathaway, Mr. ; Caldwell ; Niagara, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Onondago ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Bouchette, Joseph Sr. ; Lake Ontario ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Hamilton Harbour, ON ; Caldwell ; Buffalo ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Caldwell ; Buffalo ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Toronto, ON ; Don River ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Caldwell ; Buffalo ; Toronto, ON ; Clarke, Alured Sir ; Quebec, QU ; Clarke, Alured Sir ; Carleton, Guy, Lord Dorchester ; England ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Clarke, Alured Sir ; Niagara, ON ; Detroit, MI ; Thames River ; Toronto, ON ; Dundas Street ; Toronto, ON ; River Thames ; Detroit River ; Niagara, ON ; Detroit, MI ; Clarke, Alured Sir ; Quebec, QU ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Ottawa, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Queenston, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Lincoln, Benjamin ; Pickering, Timothy ; Randolph, Beverly ; Niagara, ON ; Miami River ; Massachusetts Historical Society ; Lincoln, Benjamin ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Queenston, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Hamilton Harbour, ON ; Onondago ; Caldwell ; Clarke, Alured Sir ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Mississaga ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Littlehales, Edward Baker ; Lake Ontario ; Caldwell ; Osgoode, William ; White, John ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Onondago ; Caldwell ; Niagara, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Osgoode, William ; White, John ; Kingston, ON ; Littlehales, Edward Baker ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Cook, Janes ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Brant, Joseph ; Detroit River ; Brant, Joseph ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Ohio River ; Toronto, ON ; Sandusky, OH ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Littlehales, Edward Baker ; Lake Ontario ; Toronto, ON ; Lee, W. H. ; Ottawa, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Lee, W. H. ; Toronto, ON ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Toronto, ON ; Dundas, Henry ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Hamilton Harbour, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Lake Huron ; Toronto, ON ; Onondago ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Onondago ; Niagara, ON ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Toronto, ON ; Onondago ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Onondago ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Onondago ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Bouchette, Joseph Jr. ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; McGill, John ; Toronto, ON ; Macnab, Allan ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Toronto, ON ; Dundas, Henry ; Miami River ; Lake Erie ; Ohio River ; United States ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Toronto, ON ; River Thames ; Detroit, MI ; Miami River ; Carleton, Guy, Lord Dorchester ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Erie ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Niagara, ON ; Wayne, Anthony ; Miami River ; Brant, Joseph ; Brant, Joseph ; Detroit River ; Quebec, QU ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Toronto, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Dundas, Henry ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Holland River ; Lake Simcoe, ON ; Berczy, William ; Genesee River, NY ; Lake Ontario ; Quebec, QU ; La Rochefoucauld, Francois-Alexandre-Frederic de ; Toronto, ON ; du Pettithouars, M. ; Guillemard, M. ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; La Rochefoucauld, Francois-Alexandre-Frederic de ; Fort Niagara, NY ; Fort Niagara, NY ; Oswego, NY ; Detroit, MI ; Maumee, OH ; Michilimakinac, MI ; Fort Niagara, NY ; Fort Niagara, NY ; Seward, Major ; Pilkington, Robert ; Simcoe, John Graves ; West Indies ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Russell, Peter ; Simcoe, John Graves ; Russell, Peter ; Niagara, ON ; Mohawk ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Niagara, ON ; Mohawk ; Toronto, ON ; Fort George, ON ; Fort George, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Mohawk ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Mohawk ; Toronto, ON ; Mohawk ; Kingston, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Kingston, ON ; Mohawk ; Governor Simcoe ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Mohawk ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Mohawk ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Van Rensselaer, John ; Lansingburg, NY ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Oswego, NY ; Oswego, NY ; Kingston, ON ; Russell, Peter ; Niagara, ON ; Mohawk ; Russell, Peter ; Niagara, ON ; Jones, Augustus ; Russell, Peter ; Niagara, ON ; Mohawk ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Niagara, ON ; Mohawk ; Kingston, ON ; Onondago ; Hungry Bay ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Governor Simcoe ; Kingston, ON ; Mohawk ; Onondago ; Hungry Bay ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Governor Simcoe ; Niagara, ON ; Governor Simcoe ; Murney, Henry ; Kingston, ON ; Murney, Henry ; Governor Simcoe ; Murney, Edward ; Belleville, ON ; Prince Edward ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Long Point, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Troyer, John ; Dealy, William ; Troyer, John ; Cornwall, Mr. ; Lake Ontario ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Cornwall, Mr. ; Lake Ontario ; Etobicoke Creek ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Mississauga Point, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Main Duck Island, ON ; Hunter, Peter ; Toronto, ON ; Speedy ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Hunter, Peter ; Toronto, ON ; Speedy ; Niagara, ON ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Toronto, ON ; Hunter, Peter ; Fort George, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Speedy ; Hunter, Peter ; Niagara, ON ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Kingston, ON ; Speedy ; Fort Niagara, NY ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Russell, Peter ; Elmsley, John Sr. ; Shaw, Aeneas ; McGill, John ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto Yacht ; Baker, William ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Lake Ontario ; Dennis, Joseph ; Dennis, Joseph ; Humber River, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Lake Ontario ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Schenectady, NY ; Toronto, ON ; Oswego, NY ; Genesee ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Oswego, NY ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Peggy ; Beasley, Richard ; Barton Township, ON ; Berry, Margaret ; Toronto, ON ; Berry, Thomas ; Toronto, ON ; Peggy ; Constellation (Niagara) ; Pell, Jonathon A. ; Selleck, Charles ; Duchess of York ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Murray, Captain ; Niagara, ON ; Selleck, Charles ; Forsyth, John ; Tioga ; Hunter, Peter ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Hunter, Peter ; Toronto Yacht ; Hunter, Peter ; Toronto Yacht ; Quebec, QU ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto Yacht ; Earl, Hugh ; Quebec, QU ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Allan, William ; Toronto, ON ; Allan, William ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara Herald ; Niagara, ON ; Fort George, ON ; Niagara Herald ; Fort George, ON ; Hunter, Peter ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto Yacht ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Hunter, Peter ; Quebec, QU ; Toronto Yacht ; Quebec, QU ; Toronto, ON ; Hunter, Peter ; Macdonell, Aeneas ; Toronto, ON ; Chiniquy, Lieut. ; Fort George, ON ; Macdonell, Aeneas ; Macdonell, Aeneas ; Chiniquy, Lieut. ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Macdonell, Aeneas ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Hamilton, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Hamilton, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Hamilton, ON ; Miles and Playter ; Beaman, Mr. ; Toronto, ON ; Bates, Mr. ; Beasly, Richard ; Hamilton, ON ; Willard, Levi ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara Herald ; Mary Ann ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara Herald ; McQueen, James ; Scotland ; Mary Ann ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Macdonell, Aeneas ; Chiniquy, Lieut. ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Duke of Kent ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Duke of Kent ; Kingston, ON ; Quebec ; Mountain, Jacob ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Duke of Kent ; Mountain, Jacob ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Detroit, MI ; Niagara, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Lady Washington ; Murray, Captain ; Oswego, NY ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Dun, John ; Boyd, Mr. ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Oswego, NY ; Dunlop, Mr. ; Toronto, ON ; Quetton St. George, Laurent ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Quetton St. George, Laurent ; Oswego, NY ; Toronto, ON ; Oswego, NY ; Toronto, ON ; Speedy ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Speedy ; Lake Ontario ; Speedy ; Paxton, Thomas ; Toronto, ON ; Presque Isle ; Lake Ontario ; Speedy ; Cochran, Thomas ; Gray, Robert J. D. ; Macdonell, Angus ; Herchmer, Jacob ; Stegman, John ; Cowan, George ; Ruggles, James ; Anderson, John ; Fisk, John ; Newcastle District, ON ; Speedy ; Sharp, John ; Cochran, Thomas ; Speedy ; Paxton, Thomas ; Speedy ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Lady Washington ; Murray, Captain ; Lake Ontario ; York ; Murray, Captain ; Genesee River ; Ontario ; Andrews, James ; Bolton, Mason ; Niagara, ON ; Oswego, NY ; Andrews, James ; Kingston, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Andrews, James ; Givins, Saltern, Rev. ; Upper Canada Gazette ; La Rochefoucauld, Francois-Alexandre-Frederic de ; Niagara, ON ; Mississaga ; Speedy ; Lake Ontario ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Moore, Captain ; Sackets Harbor, NY ; Kingston, ON ; Long Point, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Toronto Yacht ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Credit River ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto Yacht ; Toronto Yacht ; Earl, Hugh ; Toronto, ON ; New York, NY ; Lake Ontario ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Oswego, NY ; Sandy Creek, NY ; Salmon River ; McBride, John ; Kendrick, John ; Toronto, ON ; Miller, Alexander ; Montgomery, Jessamin ; Kendrick, Sarah ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Goodwin, Jesse ; Kendrick, Sarah ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Gore, Francis Sir ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto Yacht ; Gore, Francis Sir ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Halton, William ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Gore, Francis Sir ; Halton, William ; Toronto Yacht ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto Yacht ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Indian Express ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Gibraltar Point, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Lake Ontario ; Gibraltar Point, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Mohawk ; Queenston, ON ; Thompson, John ; Kingston, ON ; Midland District, ON ; Mississauga Point, ON ; Niagara River ; Niagara, ON ; Gibraltar Point ; Cartwright, Richard ; Cataraqui River ; Elizabeth ; North-West Company ; Governor Simcoe ; North-West Company ; Simcoe ; Gore, Francis Sir ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Lake Huron ; Lake Ontario ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Windsor, ON ; Lake Huron ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto Yacht ; Gore, Francis Sir ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto Yacht ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Halton, William ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto Yacht ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto Yacht ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Cameron, John ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Quebec, QU ; Toronto, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Indian Express ; Niagara, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Allan, William ; Toronto, ON ; Montreal, QU ; Kingston, ON ; Anderson, Mr. ; Toronto, ON ; Bella Gore ; Bella Gore ; Sanders, Captain ; Kingston, ON ; Gore, Francis Sir ; Toronto, ON ; Conn, Captain ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Conn, Captain ; Grace, Captain ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Mohawk ; Onondago ; Caldwell ; Sophia ; Buffalo ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto Yacht ; Fish, William ; Gibraltar Point, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Murney, Henry ; Prince Edward ; Lake Ontario ; Prince Regent ; Earl, Hugh ; Princess Charlotte ; Montreal ; Wolfe ; Sir Sidney Smith ; Niagara ; Royal George ; Melville ; Star ; Moira ; Cherwell ; Gloucester ; Gouvereau, Captain ; Magnet ; Netley ; Saint Lawrence ; Cleopatra ; Lais ; Ninon ; Nelly ; Regent ; Thunderer ; Wellington ; Retaliation ; Black Snake ; Prescott ; Dreadnought ; Wolfe ; Montreal ; Royal George ; Niagara ; Melville ; Star ; Prince Regent ; Netley ; Moira ; Cherwell ; Montreal, QU ; Wolfe ; Magnet ; Sir Sidney Smith ; Moira ; Toronto, ON ; Governor Simcoe ; Queenston Heights, ON ; Brock, Isaac Sir ; Richardson, James Jr. ; Toronto, ON ; Moira ; Sampson, Theophilus ; Governor Simcoe ; Richardson, James Jr. ; Richardson, James Sr. ; Richardson, James Jr. ; Moira ; Governor Simcoe ; Queenston Heights, ON ; Governor Simcoe ; Moira ; Kingston, ON ; Brock, Isaac Sir ; Richardson, James Jr. ; Governor Simcoe ; Scott, Winfield ; Kingston, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Prince Regent ; Sheaffe, Roger Hale, Sir ; Kingston, ON ; Governor Hunter ; Kendrick, Joseph ; Toronto, ON ; Sanders, Captain ; Bella Gore ; Toronto, ON ; McIntosh, Angus ; McIntosh, Angus ; Windsor, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Jordan, Jonathan ; Montreal, QU ; McIntosh, Angus ; McIntosh, Angus ; Richardson, James Jr. ; Montreal ; Wolfe ; Yeo, James Sir ; Oswego, NY ; Yeo, James Sir ; Montreal ; Popham, Stephen ; Montreal ; Popham, Stephen ; Richardson, James Jr. ; Richardson, James Jr. ; Saint Lawrence ; Kingston, ON ; Yeo, James Sir ; Lake Ontario ; Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada ; Richardson, James Jr. ; Midland District, ON ; Oswego, NY ; Richardson, James Jr. ; Chauncey, Isaac ; Netley ; Prince Regent ; Toronto, ON ; Drummond, Gordon Sir ; Riall, Phineas Sir ; Lundy's Lane ; Drummond, Gordon Sir ; Prevost, George Sir ; Lundy's Lane ; Netley ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Lundy's Lane ; Treaty of Ghent ; Lake Ontario ; Frontenac ; Bath, ON ; Bay of Quinte ; McKenzie, James ; Royal Navy ; Kingston, ON ; Chronicle (Kingston) ; Frontenac ; Chronicle (Kingston) ; Frontenac ; McKenzie, James ; Kingston, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Queenston, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; McKenzie, James ; Kingston, ON ; McKenzie, James ; Chronicle (Kingston) ; Frontenac ; Frontenac ; Kingston, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Lake Ontario ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Dove ; Reindeer ; Myers, Captain ; Wilson, Stillwell ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Wood Duck ; Wood Duck ; Gibbons, William ; Toronto, ON ; Arthurs, William ; Red Rover ; Thew, Captain ; Comet ; Ives, Abener ; Britannia ; Miller, Captain ; Toronto, ON ; Roberts, Mr. ; Burlington, ON ; Crooks, Matthew ; Niagara, ON ; Thew, Captain ; John Watkins ; Toronto, ON ; Thew, Captain ; Kingston, ON ; John Watkins ; Harris, Mr. ; Toronto, ON ; John Watkins ; Kingston, ON ; Thew, Captain ; Royal Navy ; Thew, Captain ; Sinclair, James ; Lady Sarah Maitland ; York Observer ; Lake Ontario ; Sinclair, James ; Prescott, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Lady Sarah Maitland ; Sinclair, James ; Prescott, ON ; Sinclair, James ; McDougal, D. ; Alason, James ; Ridley, G. N. ; McDougal, Peter ; McDougal, Peter ; Lake Ontario ; Willis, N. P. ; Bartlett, William Henry ; Prescott, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Prescott, ON ; Caledonia ; Whitehead, M. F. ; Port Hope, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Whitehead, M. F. ; Lake Ontario ; Niagara, ON ; Baldwn, William Warren Dr. ; Whitehead, M. F. ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Kingston Packet ; Brothers ; Lake Ontario ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Clarke, E. D. ; Frontenac ; William IV ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Oates, Edward ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Duke of Richmond ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Duke of Richmond ; Oates, Edward ; York Observer ; Duke of Richmond ; Duke of Richmond ; Oates, Edward ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Duke of Richmond ; Crooks, John ; Niagara, ON ; Oates, Edward ; Toronto, ON ; Vavassour, Captain ; Fort George, ON ; Oates, Edward ; Toronto, ON ; Duke of Richmond ; Gibraltar Point, ON ; Duke of Richmond ; Duke of Richmond ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Duke of Richmond ; Oates, Edward ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Oates, Edward ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Duke of Richmond ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Oates,Edward ; Duke of Richmond ; Duke of Richmond ; Toronto, ON ; Coleman, R. ; Toronto, ON ; Oates, Edward ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Toronto, ON ; Duke of Richmond ; Oswego, NY ; Brighton, ON ; Presqu'isle Bay, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Oates, Edward ; Willman, Bailey and Company ; Wellington, ON ; Prince Edward County, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Wellington, ON ; Duke of Richmond ; Toronto, ON ; Canada ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Toronto ; Rouge River ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Lake Ontario ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Saint Lawrence River ; Lake Ontario ; Canada ; Brockville, ON ; Canada ; Toronto ; Shaw, William ; Canada ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Kingston, ON ; Toronto ; Prescott, ON ; Brockville, ON ; Saint Lawrence River ; Kingston, ON ; Prescott, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Martha Ogden ; Martha Ogden ; Estes, Andrew ; Toronto, ON ; Youngstown, NY ; Niagara River ; Toronto, ON ; Meighan, M. and R. ; Frontenac ; Toronto, ON ; Maitland, Peregrine Sir ; Kingston, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Frontenac ; McKenzie, James ; Kingston, ON ; Hillier,George ; Maitland, Peregrine Jr. ; Frontenac ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; McGregor, Colonel ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; McGregor, Colonel ; Frontenac ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Frontenac ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Grubbe, Lt. ; Frontenac ; Montreal, QU ; Grubbe, Lt. ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Queenston ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Hudson, J. Rev. Mr. ; England ; Queenston ; Hudson, J. Rev. Mr. ; Toronto, ON ; Hudson, J. Rev. Mr. ; England ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Hudson, J. Rev. Mr. ; Toronto, ON ; Lowry, Barbara Wells ; Lowry, Thomas Rev. ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara ; Prescott, ON ; Mosier, John ; Niagara ; Mosier, John ; Union ; Union ; Prescott, ON ; Mosier, John ; Niagara ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara ; Prescott, ON ; Mosier, John ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara ; Niagara ; Mosier, John ; Prescott, ON ; Niagara, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Montreal, QU ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Richardson, Hugh ; Canada ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Niagara, ON ; Dennis, Joseph ; Ward, John Dod and Company ; Montreal, QU ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Hamilton, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Lake Ontario ; Lake Ontario ; Niagara ; Queenston ; Prescott, ON ; Frontenac ; Kingston, ON ; Canada ; Martha Ogden ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Hamilton, ON ; Cornwall ; Lake St. Louis ; Coteau du Lac, QU ; Cornwall, ON ; Dalhousie ; Prescott, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Charlotte ; Toronto ; Prescott, ON ; Bay of Quinte ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara ; Toronto, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Bath, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Frontenac ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Hamilton, John ; Frontenac ; Niagara Falls ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Maitland, Peregrine Sir ; Frontenac ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Frontenac ; Stamford Township, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Mosier, John ; Niagara ; Niagara ; Mosier, John ; Toronto, ON ; Prescott, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Gananoque, ON ; Brockville, ON ; Prescott, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Queenston ; Whitney, Joseph ; Queenston ; Whitney, Joseph ; Niagara, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Prescott, ON ; Queenston, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Queenston ; Queenston ; Toronto, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Prescott, ON ; Richardson, Hugh ; Canada ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canada ; Burlington Beach ; Niagara, ON ; Claridge, Joseph Jewell ; Jersey City, NJ ; Burlington Beach ; Richardson, Hugh ; Toronto, ON ; Richardson, Hugh ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Mosier, John ; Niagara ; Prescott, ON ; Poplar Point, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Queenston ; Mosier, John ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara ; Niagara ; Mosier, John ; Niagara ; Canada ; Toronto, ON ; Gamble, J. W. ; Toronto, ON ; Richardson, Hugh ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canada ; Canada ; England ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; England ; Richardson, Hugh ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; England ; Canada ; Canada ; Canada ; England ; Canada ; England ; Canada ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Toronto, ON ; Richardson, Hugh ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Canada ; Lake Ontario ; Niagara Falls ; Richardson, Hugh ; Toronto, ON ; Richardson, Hugh ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Richardson, Hugh ; Toronto, ON ; Canada ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canada ; Reid, George ; Canada ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Stamford Township, ON ; Queenston ; QueenstonN ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Queenston ; Niagara, ON ; Queenston ; Niagara ; Kingston, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara ; Long Point, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Lake Ontario ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Frontenac ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; McKenzie, James ; Frontenac ; Lake Ontario ; McKenzie, James ; Frontenac ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Frontenac ; Kingston, ON ; Boulton & Watt ; Kingston, ON ; Frontenac ; Boulton & Watt ; Strange, John ; Kingston, ON ; Hamilton, John ; Queenston, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Frontenac ; Niagara, ON ; Hamilton, John ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Upper Canada Herald (Kingston) ; Kingston, ON ; Frontenac ; Hamilton, Robert ; Kingston, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Hamilton, Robert ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara, ON ; Frontenac ; Hamilton, John and Robert ; Frontenac ; Frontenac ; Lake Ontario ; Niagara ; Mosier, John ; Niagara, ON ; Frontenac ; Lake Ontario ; Boulton & Watt ; Leys, John ; McKenzie, James ; Frontenac ; McKenzie, james ; Leys, John ; Frontenac ; Leys, John ; Toronto, ON ; Queenston ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Amherstburg, ON ; North, Captain ; Fort George, ON ; Melville, Captain ; Penetanguishene, ON ; Medley, Ensign ; Queenston ; Queenston ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Quebec ; Queenston ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Queenston ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Queenston ; Toronto, ON ; Winniett, Major ; Evans, Colonel ; Queenston ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Queenston ; Lake Ontario ; Queenston ; Whitney, Joseph ; Niagara, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Brockville, ON ; Prescott, ON ; Prescott, ON ; Brockville, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Prescott, ON ; Montreal, QU ; Montreal, QU ; Prescott, ON ; Queenston, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Richardson, Hugh ; Canada ; Niagara River ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara River ; Canada ; Canada ; Niagara River ; Canada ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Lake Ontario ; Toronto, ON ; Richardson, Hugh ; Don River ; Smith, Sidney ; Toronto, ON ; Richardson, Hugh ; Don River ; Lake Ontario ; Don River ; Richardson, Hugh ; Don River ; Toronto, ON ; Don River ; Fothergill, Charles ; Durham County, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Pitt, William Sr. ; Don River ; Toronto, ON ; Don River ; Don River ; Don River ; Toronto, ON ; Richardson, Hugh ; Canada ; Canada ; Lake Ontario ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canada ; Lake Ontario ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Canada ; Canada ; Niagara, ON ; Lake Ontario ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canada ; Niagara River ; Toronto, ON ; Canada ; Niagara, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canada ; Niagara, ON ; Maitland, Peregrine Sir ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Stamford Township, ON ; Canada ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Colonial Advocate (Toronto) ; Maitland, Peregrine Sir ; Lake Ontario ; Canada ; Colonial Advocate (Toronto) ; Canada ; Canada ; Niagara, ON ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Canada ; Lefferty, John Johnston ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Canada ; Lake Ontario ; Canada ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canadian ; Toronto, ON ; Gamble, William ; Bowkett, Captain ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Hamilton, Robert ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; George the Fourth ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Quebec, QU ; Toronto, ON ; George the Fourth ; Lake Ontario ; Prescott, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Gibraltar Point, ON ; Catherine ; Campbell, Captain ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Frontenac ; Alciope ; Alciope ; Niagara, ON ; Hamilton, Robert ; McKenzie, James ; Frontenac ; McKenzie, James ; Alciope ; Lake Ontario ; Alciope ; Alciope ; Hamilton, Robert ; Queenston, ON ; McKenzie, James ; McIntosh, Captain ; Eunice ; Barrie, Robert ; Toronto, ON ; Cockburn ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Barrie, Robert ; Bullfrog ; Barrie, Robert ; Lake Simcoe, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Richardson, Hugh ; Canada ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Canada ; Toronto, ON ; Canada ; Toronto, ON ; Alciope ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Alciope ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Prescott, ON ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Savage, George ; Toronto, ON ; Savage, George ; Toronto, ON ; Savage, George ; Toronto, ON ; Carfrae, Thomas ; Savage, George ; Toronto, ON ; Mosley, H. M. ; Savage, George ; Humber Bay, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Industry ; Allan, William ; Toronto, ON ; New Haven ; Johnson, A. ; Argus(Albany, NY) ; Mosier, John ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Prescott, ON ; Mosier, John ; Niagara ; Munro, Caroline F. ; Munro, Hugh ; Edwardsburg Township, ON ; George Canning ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara Herald ; Toronto, ON ; George Canning ; Whitney, Joseph ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Whitney, Joseph ; Niagara, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Canada ; Niagara, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Lake Ontario ; Kingston, ON ; Canada ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Niagara, ON ; Macdonell, Alexander Bishop ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Macdonell, Alexander Bishop ; Niagara, ON ; Macdonell, W. Rev. ; Fraser, Rev. ; Chisholm, Rev. ; Alciope ; Queenston ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Macdonell, Captain ; Montreal, QU ; Toronto, ON ; Queenston ; Alciope ; Kingston, ON ; Niagara River ; Niagara, ON ; Lake Erie ; Buffalo, NY ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Buffalo Republican ; Eagle ; Buffalo Republican ; Pioneer ; Dunkirk, NY ; William Penn ; Wright, Captain ; Detroit, MI ; Pennsylvania ; Ohio ; Michigan ; Buffalo, NY ; Henry Clay ; Norton, Walter ; Black Rock, NY ; Niagara ; Pease, William T. ; Detroit, MI ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Crone, William ; Maitland, Peregrine Sir ; Toronto, ON ; Bullfrog ; Niagara, ON ; Maitland, Peregrine Sir ; Quebec, QU ; Rideau Canal ; Toronto, ON ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Kingston, ON ; Bullfrog ; Barrie, Robert ; Niagara, ON ; Bullfrog ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Canada ; Barrie, Robert ; Bullfrog ; Kingston, ON ; New York, NY ; Corinthian ; New York, NY ; Colborne, John Sir ; Toronto, ON ; Maitland, Peregrine Sir ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Upper Canada Gazette ; Maitland, Peregrine Sir ; London District, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Brockville, ON ; Grimsby, ON ; Colborne, John Sir ; Niagara Falls ; Canada ; Lewiston, NY ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara Gleaner ; U.E. Loyalist (Toronto) ; Colborne, John Sir ; Niagara Falls ; Chrysler, Mr. ; Phillpotts, George ; Canada ; Lewiston, NY ; Fort George, ON ; McKenzie, James ; Hamilton, ON ; Lake Simcoe, ON ; Elmsley, John ; Dart ; Sapper and Miner (Toronto) ; Dart ; Elmsley, John ; Toronto, ON ; Hale, Jeffrey ; Quebec, QU ; Royal Navy ; Saint Lawrence River ; James Coleman ; Halifax, NS ; Quebec, QU ; Lake Ontario ; Sovereign ; Dart ; Toronto, ON ; Purkis, John ; MacKenzie, William Lyon ; Colonial Advocate (Toronto) ; Colonial Advocate (Toronto) ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Recorder (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Constitution ; Zealand, Edward Sr. ; Hamilton, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Oakville, ON ; Cobourg, ON ; Port Hope, ON ; Rochester, NY ; Constitution ; New York, NY ; Rochester, NY ; Hamilton, ON ; Hamilton, ON ; Ritchie, E. and J. ; Oakville, ON ; Thomas, Mr. ; Toronto, ON ; Smith, James F. ; Rochester, NY ; Greene, Mr. ; Cobourg, ON ; Perry, E. ; Port Hope, ON ; Brown, John ; Zealand, Edward Sr. ; William IV ; Paynter, Charles ; Prescott, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Lewiston, NY ; Brockville, ON ; Gananoque, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Cobourg, ON ; Port Hope, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Hamilton, ON ; Toronto, ON ; William IV ; St. George ; Harper, James ; Prescott, ON ; Brockville, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; St. George ; Montreal, QU ; Cobourg ; McIntosh, Charles ; Prescott, ON ; Brockville, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Cobourg ; Montreal, QU ; Queenston ; Sutherland, James ; Queenston ; Recorder (Toronto) ; Toronto, ON ; Hamilton, ON ; Sutherland, James ; Atlantic Ocean ; Quebec, QU ; Unicorn ; Hudson Bay Company ; Great Britain ; Whitney, Joseph ; Prescott, ON ; Brockville, ON ; Kingston, ON ; Oswego, NY ; Cobourg, ON ; Port Hope, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Great Britain ; Montreal, QU ; Prescott, ON ; Recorder (Toronto) ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Oneida ; Oswego, NY ; Hamilton ; Sir Robert Peel ; Commodore Barrie ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Great Britain ; William IV ; Saint George ; Alciope ; Cobourg ; Commodore Barrie ; Canada ; Niagara, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Three Brothers ; Superior ; Emily ; Robert Burns ; Prosperity ; Fanny ; Perseverance ; Matilda ; Oswego, NY ; Elizabeth ; Lewiston, NY ; Guernsey ; Peacock ; Caroline ; Fair American ; Sovereign ; Jessie Woods ; Erin ; Charlotte ; Winnebago ; Lord Nelson ; Enterprise ; Boxer ; Three Brothers ; McIntosh, John ; McIntosh, Robert ; McIntosh, Henry ; Three Brothers ; McIntosh, Charles ; Superior ; McIntosh, Robert ; Eunice ; McIntosh, William ; Minerva Ann ; Fanny ; Dick, Thomas ; Toronto, ON ; Lake Ontario ; Fanny ; Lockhart, James ; Niagara, ON ; Sovereign ; Jessie Woods ; Boxer ; Peeke, William ; Duffin's Creek, ON ; Gibraltar Point, ON ; Toronto, ON ; George, James ; Quebec, QU ; George, James ; Saint Lawrence River ; Toronto, ON ; George, James ; Quebec, QU ; Saint Lawrence River ; George, James ; Quebec, QU ; George, James ; Quebec, QU ; George, James ; Quebec, QU ; Montreal, QU ; Saint Lawrence River ; Maxwell, Thomas ; McPherson & Crane ; Long Sault Rapids ; Hilliard, Lonson ; Ontario ; Lachine, QU ; Toronto, ON ; Experiment ; Queen Victoria ; Gore ; Princess Royal ; Traveller ; City of Toronto ; Niagara, ON ; Dick, Thomas ; Traveller ; City of Toronto ; Dick, Thomas ; Weller, William ; Lockhart, James ; Niagara, ON ; Dick, Thomas ; Heron, Andrew ; Niagara, ON ; Bethune, Donald ; Experiment ; Dick, Thomas ; Lake Ontario ; Canada ; Richardson, Hugh ; Transit ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; Transit ; Constitution ; Zealand, Edward Sr. ; Transit ; Queen Victoria ; Richardson, Hugh ; Niagara, ON ; Hamilton, ON ; Toronto, ON ; Queen Victoria ; Richardson, Hugh ; Richardson, Hugh Jr. ; Richardson, Charles ; Richardson, Henry ; Transit ; Queen Victoria ; City of Toronto ; Niagara, ON ; Dick, Thomas ; Transit ; Chief Justice Robinson ; Richardson, Hugh ; Niagara, ON ; Richardson, Hugh ; Lake Ontario ; Chief Justice Robinson ; Dick, Thomas ; Heron, Andrew ; Richardson, Hugh ; Lake Ontario ; Toronto, ON ; Chief Justice Robinson ; Toronto, ON ; Niagara, ON ; City of Toronto ; Lake Huron ; Algoma ; Peerless ; Niagara, ON ; Peerless ; River Clyde, Scotland ; Dick, Thomas ; Niagara, ON ; Peerless ; River Clyde, Scotland ; Niagara, ON ; Peerless ; Lake Ontario ; Her Majesty ; River Clyde, Scotland ; Dick, Thomas ; Atlantic Ocean ; Peerless ; Niagara, ON ; Milloy, Duncan ; Zimmerman ; Niagara, ON ; Niagara River