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SOME BASIC HULL DESIGNS The glossary for this work will contain most of these terms, but they are also used here in connection with just one subject,--hull types. Vessels are at times classified as one castle,two castle, three castle, etc. The term castle comes from the Spanish word,"casa" meaning "house", or superstructure. It refers to sections of the hull where the sides are continued upward above the main deck. In vessels like the Spanish galleons there were the forwards, or "forecastle", and the "aftercastle", on top of which was the "poop" deck, which was known as "la popa", or "the high place." These were "two-castle" vessels. Relatively few sailing vessels had three castles, but many steamers of the past fifty years had them. DECKHOUSES A deckhouse differs from a"castie" in that it does not extend outward to the side of the hull. They may be erected above a "castle", or on any upper deck which is exposed to the weather. They may be all, or only a part of the superstructure. DECKS The names for decks have been loosely used in certain quarters, leading to much confusion. For the purposes of this work we mention only those with which we are likely to be concerned in model building. Even so some confusion may result. Let's start with the "main deck". The main deck is the lowest deck provided with water-tight hatches, or other openings, to prevent the entry of the sea. There may be any desired number of decks either above or below the main deck, and those above,may,or may not,be water-fight• In general, in cargo vessels, the decks below the main are called 'tween decks or between decks,-upper 'tween decks, lower 'tween decks, PART TWO----------- etc. being their designations. Large vessels, in recent years, have more than two decks below the main, and different means of identifying them have been adopted; sometimes numbers are used, and sometimes letters of the alphabet, but there is no need of going into those matters at this time. Too much detail here will only lead to a confusion in the reader's mind. With a few simple designs we will try to explain some of the terms used in hull design, beginning with the "flush deck", where there are no "castles"; "one castle", where there is only one. which can be forward, aft, or amidships. Usually, in this type, the single castle is amidships, with passenger accommo- dations and officers quarters rising above. The famous "whaleback" steamers and barges, designed and built by Alexander McDougal, at Superior, Wisconsin in the 19th Century, were a thing apart and are dealt with in a later chapter. Basically, they were flush-deck vessels. All but one of the whalebackers were built at Superior, but a number of them were taken to salt water. One, the EVERETT,was built on the West Coast. Turret steamers also appeared upon the Lakes, but they never became numerous. Many sidewheel steamers had very narrow hulls, with wide overhanging decks. After the advent of steel hulls some of these overhanging decks were plated on the underside, creating sponsons,and perhaps adding a little to the seaworthiness to the vessels so equipped. Scow hulls,for two-mast schooners, were perfectly flat-bottomed. Both bow and stern were square, but little narrower tdan the rest of the hull. A modification of the scow was the "flatiron" or "V"-bow, on what was otherwise a scow.