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July TELESCOPE 150 IN THE TRIPLE'S WAKE by compressing air in a cylinder, causing the air to become very hot. Oil injected into the cylinder takes fire from the heat, giving off gasses which expand and drive the piston back down again. The oil fuel can be of a relatively unrefined--and thus economical --grade. The lakes' first motorship was the Canadian canal-sized bulk freighter Toiler, built in 1910 at Newcastle, in England. Toiler later became familiar as Canada Steamship Lines' Mapleheath. When the Seaway made canallers obsolete in 1959, Maple-heath was retired; but she had long since exchanged her diesel engine for one of steam. Another early lake motorship was the package freighter Fordonian, built 1912 in Glasgow to canal-size dimensions for Merchants Mutual Line of Toronto. Fordonian seems to have kept her engine to the end when, on January 14, 1946, as Badger State, she ran upon a sunken hulk in the Gulf of Mexico and was lost. A handsome model of Fordonian can be seen at the Canadian lakehead in Fort William's historical museum. The first diesel engines of upper lakes bulk freighters were built for the familiar Ford freighters Benson Ford and Henry Ford II in 1924. Forty years later, these engines are still in use. Clare Snider, Ford's marine manager, says they run as well as they did the day they were installed, having received unusually rigid maintenance through the years. Forty years is a respectably decent age for a marine engine, and rivals the longevity claimed for a "triple" (with due apologies to the slow-moving, low-pressure giants of the sidewheel car ferry Lansdowne--engines that are ninety-two years old this year). The Ford freighters have Sun-Doxford engines of four cylinders, rated at three thousand horsepower. These are slowly-turning engines linked directly to the propeller shaft. When a Ford ship passes close by in the river, the muffled rhythm of its engine can be heard on shore. Some people say it sounds like 11 MAK-ing-mon-ey-MAK-ing-mon-ey-MAK-ing-mon-ey..." 3. Enter the Turbine Turbine ships and diesel ships became commercially feasible at about the same time. The first turbine-driven lake ship was also Canadian-owned and British-built, but was a sleek Lake Ontario passenger liner. Turbinia was built in 1904 at Hebburn-on-Tyne, England, for service between Toronto and Hamilton for the Turbine Steamship Company. Eventually passing into Canada Steamship Lines' fleet, she last operated out of Montreal in the late twenties, and was broken up in 1937. A turbine, again to oversimplify grossly, is something like a windmill with blades turned by moving steam. Like most diesel engines (except those of the Ford ships), a turbine is most useful when turning at high speeds. The propeller of a lake bulk freighter, on the other hand, turns best at between 70 and 120 revolutions per minute. Some means must be provided to transmit the power of the fast-turning turbine to the slower-turning propeller shaft. Furthermore, the turbine turns only in one direction, and it would ill suit a lake freighter to be able to move only forward. We shall see that several answers to this problem turned up. The turbine was about as long in finding its way into a lake freighter as was the diesel. It found use in the twenties and thirties in ships owned by U. S. Steel Corp. fleets. In 1925 the Bradley Transportation Company introduced the