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6 MARINE Steel Ship Construction.--Part 2. STRONGEST SECTION OF METAL -VESSELS. The space between the frames shown by fracture X is the strongest part ofa vessel, there being no rivet holes required between frames for frame riveting, ! Nee Se Lice segs 7 ANKIIOPSEATIN ----S re ee ee -- HE ' < 1OBER R. ATE é 4] . ------_--_ I Kast - ENTER OMEL Sow bd z which leayes the material whole, or nearly so. The following table will show the reduction of metal in this space caused by punching: ee DEDUCTION FOR.PUNCHING OUT RIVET HOLES. CawTaa. KEQL Son No. of 1+ v4 ' aa es . Size of |Thickness| Square Pe tas reach a cians + holea, |tivetholes.| of plate. | inches. Keel plate........ Se apa se onenhaccea fiat & | #inch | # inch 1.687 A strake, shell plating.............. eee |e AS been 1.350 ? piling £ 2 B rahe escent Ech Borie Aes 1.512 C ba Sea ete asst tecee et Era erp cde er ss S12 D ef See RES Soest Meal ReUE ringer. eat 7 500 7 3 7 E as dae sees tee ee tS as ( 4 rs 16 es 1 5 15 H as Break ccna A lee pae Oh tiene ft 1.312 I 66 6c d Ti 3 6c i 6é 2 625 Se teoiice Pe Lo a eres apne Gbps 1.625 Center keelson, including angles...... WOwrl ei fad | scars 2.812 Girders, including angles......... en US eo rpg eee 3.060 Side stringers, including angles ...... Gee iis she aks 4.500 Ruder plate, tank top:.........,-+.-..-s, Bie leeccaal we Aes 062 a strake, = Sree ceree eee eet 3 3 . Te - 380 5 ' é b . Retreat emai vlbvcl oles ienitjaiaisinjeieeielcy es Oo = 16 080. Ce 66 6c 15 5 6 Oi 66 9 930 Bane ae oath Ah Cpa" °3°'°)* Sa b)18) oni. @.0 6g 8 1 6 «ve Margin plate and angle, tank top..... 4 | 3 «< B48 le Deck stringer plate, including angle| 22. | 3 « As 8.250 a' strake, deck plating......... ...2.... Lee pre MaRS age 155 b' ff Pees Vin ei ec upiedict'. Die Veep iS sl de ee 310 Gi = DAMON eos Nes! aicoz es Bis eupor te Neda £8 310 BO eIRAT CIOS. ic c.c.scylcesecssscacess Aeon. Saleem 1.125 155 46 937 2 2 Total number of holes............... 310 Total square inches 93.874 REVIEW. In the last article (Vol. 7, No. 20) there are seeks square ae. es unpunched material, and with a deduction of a square te a > holes in this mode of fracture there is left 837.256 square inch s, ine 06 square inches or 1,232.28 tons stronger than: at unavoidable WcueceeE Fenians An addition of 26 squire inches for deck stringer strap (double) and 16.5 square inches for side stringer and angle between frame space wil make an mmcrease of 2,507.28 tons over the line of rivet holes connecting frame to thell plating. It matters not in this case if the strakes of plating be lapped at ae or strapped, seeing that a further reduction in the area of the section could he made without weakening the vessel in any way. ' as contai in the last article (Vol. VII, No. 20). The * error was made in figures contained in the tg ab arn a oat oe Daag cae ed fiseceued nate should read 931.11 and the punched material 796.16 square inches, Plans for Submarine Boats. The call of the navy department for designs for a submarine torpedo boat will probably be answered by two inventors from the lakes. George C. Baker of Chicago and Capt. Alex. McDougall. Although Capt. McDougall's war vessels, which will be described in the series of articles on his patents now being published in the REVIEW, are not in accordance with the in- structions sent out in the call for designs made by the navy department for designs, they embody-_his ideas of a submarine coast defetise vessel, and he can probabl y suit these ideas toa torpedo boat. Mr. Baker's plans will be in accordance with the boat built for him some time ago by the Detroit Boat Works and described at length in several articles that have already appeared in the Review. A great deal of confidence has been placed by experts in the Baker boat. . ae The French have taken the lead in submarine navigation, -having built several vessels of late, one of which, the Gymnote, has been officially announced to be quite successful. Her pro- pelling power is electricity, and compressed air is carried to furnish her crew with a respirable atmosphere. 'This vessel has remained below water forty minutes at a time, and during her early trials maintained a steady course, eight metres below the surface, for a distance of about 500 metres, at a speed of four knots. She is now regularly -attached to the French navy. Another French boat, the Gustave Zede, is 131 feet long, dis- places 250 tons, and is to develop a speed of 14 knots. A remark- able efficient boat has been built for the Spanish government upon the designs of Lieut. Peral of the Spanish navy, after whom she was named. Like the Gymnote and Gustave Zede, the Peral is cigar shaped, and is 72 feet long, 9% feet in diameter at the thickest part and of 86 tons displacement. She is propelled by electricity and can make six knots when submerged, and eleven knots on the surface of the water. She has been thoroughly experimented with, with gratifying results, being easily manceuvred and perfectly controllable. Italy and Russia are also experimenting with boats of this kind. A recent report from the navy department says that the im- portance of the problem of submarine boats is not easily over- estimated, when its application to coast defence is considered. There is thus far absolutely no recognized means of efficient defence against sub-aquatic attacks on worships, and the effect- iveness with which boats, supplied with high explosive torpedoes, - manceuvreing beneath the hull of an armor-clad, may carry out their mission of destruction, is increased by the immunity they would enjoy from damage to themselves. No gun can hurt them beneath the water, no vessel can successfully ram them, they cannot be captured and the secrecy and stealth with which their operations may be carried on more than compensates them for the fault of slow speed from which they now suffer, but a fault likely to be eliminated as the type is developed. Stocks of Grain at Lake Ports. The following table, prepared from reports of the Chicago board of trade, shows the stocks of wheat and corn in store at the principal points of accumulation on the lakes on June 27 1893: : Wheat, bu. Corn, bu. @licasorn see M.S. 19,602,000 2,033,000 DDialtithicece nes .2-. Se aia 3 © ON OOOme uot fre Mialwatticepeacr. 8 cle. 1,490,000 10,000 Weweeitere es 5. se. 1,219,000 18,000 MOCO rer Rect cod 2,289,000 144,000 MeN ieee es caee 2,143,000 332,000 Mitel retire 35,755,000 2,537,000 At the points named there is a net decrease for the week of 4,902,000 bushels of wheat and 305,000 bushels of corn,