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8 MARINE REVIEW. oe - AVERAGE LAKE FREIGHTS. w <TR MARKED REDUCTIONS AS COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS YEARS -- FIGURES IN ALL LINES ARE THE LOWEST EVER RECORDED--TABLES OF RATES FOR TWENTY YEARS PAST. 11 (An exhaustive summary of lake freights, prepared by the Marine Review, shows the effect of 6,000-ton ships on carrying charges. Rates on ore, grain and coal, the principal items of freight, are the lowest ever recorded... Improved rates during the closing months of 1897 helped to advance the averages for the season, but as compared with 1896, which was not a very profitable year with most vessels, there is still a marked difference in all lines of freight. Vessels that had contracts at 70 cents a ton for moving ore from the head of the lakes to Ohio ports were certainly very fortunate, as the average of daily rates from the head of the lakes was only 57.2 cents. The few season contracts that were made on ore from Marquette were at 65 cents. The average of daily rates from that port was 54.6 cents. Before the season opened, a number of vessels that had interests in common with ore concerns secured Escanaba contracts at 50 and 55 cents, but 45 cents was the rate governing the only Escanaba contract in which ore interests were not concerned. The average of daily rates from Escanaba was 45.3 cents. The ore dealers were the principal gainers by the low rates that prevailed during spring and summer months. They moved the great bulk of their ore before heavy shipments of coal were crowded into the two last months of the season. ; ~ Tt must be understood that the rates making up the following tables are not averages on quantities of freight. They are the averages of rates ruling from day to day throughout the season. It may be well to note, therefore, that as large quantities of soft coal were moved during 'October and November, and the early part of December, when rates were highest, the average rates paid by most coal shippers may run somewhat higher than those recorded in the tables: AVERAGE DAILY RATES OF FREIGHT, SEASON OF 1897. ee é Cents Iron ore, Escanaba to Ohio ports, gross ton..........-.-++.+seee- 45.3 Iron ore, head of Lake Superior to Ohio ports, gross ton........... 57.2 Iron ore, Marquette to Ohio ports, gross ton............--+.-. eee 54.6 Wheat, 'Chicago to Buffalo, bushel................-.--. ee sseeeeee 1.5 Wheat, 'Duluth to Buffalo, bushel................ ss eee e seer ee eee lef Soft coal, Ohio ports to Milwaukee, net ton..............-.+-000e. 28.5 'Soft coal, Ohio ports to Duluth, net ton.........-.......-22-+-0-- 26.2 Soft coal, 'Ohio ports to Portage, net ton.............---++-ee eee 27.8 Soft coal, Ohio ports to Manitowoc, net ton............-.+.-.06e- 30.9 Soft coal, (Ohio ports to Sheboygan, net ton.........-.....-.+5-e-- 23.6 Soft coal, Ohio ports to Green Bay, net ton......................-. 29.9 Soft coal, Ohio ports to Escanaba, net ton.....-...-. ss seee eee eeee 29.5 Hard coal, Buffalo to 'Milwaukee, net ton.....-...........02+.--5- 29.0 Hard coal, Buffalo to Chicago, net ton...... Gas ai ae sep 29.0 Hard coal, Buffalo to Duluth, net ton..........-.-.-..2-eee seen 25.9 AVERAGE DAILY FREIGHT RATES DURING TEN YEARS ENDING WITH 1897. Iron ore, head of Lake Superior to Ohio ports, gross ton.......... $1.02 Iron ore, Marquette to Ohio ports, gross' ton.............--..-4- .90 Iron ore, Escanaba to Ohio ports, gross ton..............+...-4-. 12 Soft coal, Ohio ports to Milwaukee, net ton..............eeee eee 53 Soit coal) @hio ports. to Duluth, net ton... ...2.... 26... eee ee 43 bard (coal me itialo-tonGhicdeom MepitOM 2). 8 . 2. sts. cl. Bete ale) «ale 03 Hard coal; Buffalo'to Duluth, net ton.........0.... 0 cece cece ee eee 35 Wheat, 'Chicago to Buffalo, bushel.............:.c0eeecedeeeeeeee .02 AVERAGE FREIGHT RATES ON IRON ORE PER GROSS TON, FROM PORTS NAMED - TO OHIO PORTS--TABLE COVERING WILD AND CONTRACT RATES FOR TWENTY YEARS PAST. - i : ASHLAND AND OTHER PORTS ESCANABA. MARQUETTE. AT THE HEAD OF LAKE SUPERIOR. YEAR. Seale : Wild or Contract Wild or Contract Wild or Contract daily rate. rate. daily rate. rate. daily rate. rate. 1878 $0 81 $0 90 $1 22 SISO ealltay Bees eel FH) beaks 1879) | 25 90 1 83 NPA Nels God te PER Test eater ee 1880 1 70 1 85 2 26 DEO alte ae Beste ss olsen Hee 1881 le 3 Ga 1 75 2 05 Ari ewe litamtnries, Act | figpr 5h , 1882 1 04 1 40 1 26 NO bell ee ctne she Sere TU stale 1883 22, 1 00 1 40 Ue) aryl cc rene sed Sel k A gf 1884 87 1 10 1 08 Ne OMER avi se chet aie 1885 78 90 98 1 05 $1 25 $1 15 1886 1 28 1 05 1 dl 1 20 1 78 1 20 1887 1 59 1 40 - 1 87 1 63 2 23 2 00 1888 1 05 90 "130 elle 1 43 1 25 1889 1 Ol 1 00 1 19 1 10 1 34 1 25 1890 89 1 10 1 07 1 25 iL ay 1. 35 1891 84 65 1 02 90 ole 1 00 1892 74 1 00 98 1 15 1 15 1 25 1893 56 85 71 1 00 ne 1 00 1894 | 46 60 60 VES (ery, 78 80 1895 aie 55 92 ors eer 80 1896 52 70 66 95 NT 1 05 1897 -- 46 45 55 65 57 70 I 'Charge to vessel in 1897 for trimming and unloading, 16% cents a ton. Average ore rates for the entire period of twenty years: Hscanaba, contract $1,00, wild 96 cents; Marquette, contract $1.29, wild $1.22. Average for past ten years: Escanaba, contract 78 cents, wild 72% cents; Marquette, contract 97 cents. wild 90cents; Ashlang and other ports at the head of Lake Superior, contract $1.0414, wild $1,02, pies ae AVERAGES OF DAILY RATES ON SOFT COAL FROM OHIO PORTS TO MILWAUKEE ESCANABA, DULUTH, GREEN BAY AND MANITOWOC. Year. Milwaukee. Escanaba. Duluth. Green Bay. Manitowoc. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. (SB8ree to eae ek 84 61 6G: SS es Se eee eee oX 1889 ~ ose ee-esr shee 54 49 De nme giye g dig rete aurea y i 1890 css poets. ctr cks 64 45 AQ eR O25 see = oe ees : SO ee eee ot 61 52 AQ EEE 8 SR ye ee eee 189) ~Soeee es Set 58 43 43 55 49 NB OB GR Siiskesicre ase 48 40 38 50 41 SOA oats eee 4814 89 314 491% 48 BOS wae aes cae 54 39 36% 50 dbl SSO seers eee oe 3334 27 2934 382% 32 LOO (SRS INR ie 2814 29% 26 30 31 Average, ten years 53 42% 43 4414 42 Chicago rate about same as Milwaukee. Coal of all kinds shipped in net tons and handled without charge to vessel. AVERAGE OF DAILY LAKE FREIGHT RATES ON HARD COAL FROM BUFFALO TO CHICAGO, DULUTH AND TOLEDO DURING TEN YEARS PAST, Year. Chicago. Duluth. Toledo. Cents. Cents. Cents. NGSSRY See eee Ween a seen ne Sr iner hmee ty? 86 65 4] JUSFEAE) aes ch iy pinks Gk osenes ech Se Rec aeieeaca arate 52 41 27 ASO Ae ees astyet eee etre tec heen oe eee 62 43 33 LOS ate semester tier Che RECA ase 56 29 25 NOOO ere tne ete Makers tee eee ee eee 59 43 27 ISOS ethene erase to ace Cuca Sea ee a eH 49 29 28 SOA aati mee eee ee err arew oat ee? eee 46 25 25 SG Saree ee tres aes sree ee en ee eas 59 24 30 TO OG ee sree Stara Me Es 36 24 25 WB eek ee ord CE Re Se PA EOS: 29 26 Average ton ten years. ..-+ s+. +o. -' 53 30 ' 30 Rate to Milwaukee practically the same as to Chicago, and Detroit rate about the same as Toledo rate. Hard coal is also net tons and is handled without charge to vessel. AVERAGE RATES ON WHEAT PER BUSHEL BY LAKE FROM CHICAGO TO BUFFALO. Year, Cents. WiealTs Cents. Year. Cents, 1857 9.89 . 1871 7.62 1885 2.02 1858 3.76 1872 11.46 1886 3.68 . 1859 5.08 18738 7.62 1887 4.13 1860 9.89" 1874 4.038 1888 2.56 1861 11.53 1875 3.42 1889 2.51 1862 10.49" 1876 2.90 1890 1.96 1863 7.01 1877 3.72 189) ~ 2.38 1864 9.58 1878 3.07 1892 2.19 1865 9.78 1879 4,74 1893 1.66 1866 12.34 1880 5.16 1894 ~ 1.27 1867 6.67 1881 3.44 1895 1.97 1868 7.14 1882 2.50 1896 1.70 1869 6.81 1883 3.41 1897 1.56 1870 5.88 1884 2.18 ||Average 41 yrs 5.16 Charges to vessels for shoveling, trimming and tallying weights of grain amounted to about $4.35 per 1,000 bushels in 1897. RANGE OF LAKE FREIGHT RATES ON WHEaT FROM DULUTH TO BUFFALO. Year. : Rate, Year. Rate, cents. cents. WS een mami ha eee 134* Mace eae ae SOO Meee ice Se eet: Meee eS eee 214* 1890 2 @5 SOO regen Mu nce te hays ee 3y* 1889 2 @d UB OAs rrenteren ne rte ac re pane ss 144@3 1888 2 @5 OOS ee he he es Soe ee tas: 14@3% 1887 2 @8 MSO irre apt efi Gers ieee anes ate 244@4 1886 3%4@8 PRO ae eee eee a ae ne 14@9% "1885 1144@5 * 1895, 1896 and 1897 figures represent average;of daily rates for season. Test of Screw vs. Paddle. _ A "tug of war" between early steamships is described and illustrated in a series of articles on "Ship (Building and Marine Engineering on the Thames in the Victorian Era," now running in the Engineer of London. The contest took place on June 20, 1849, and lasted one hour, the two vessels being tied stern to stern and the engines of both set going, with the result that the screw-propelled 'Niger dragged the Basilisk backward against the whole force of her engines at the rate, by log, of 1.466 knots an hour. These vessels were at the same time tried at different depths of immersion, and the conclusions arrived at from the results obtained were that, in similar vessels exerting the same amount of engine power and impelled by steam alone at their highest obtainable speed, the screw is the most advantageous propeller at deep immersions and the paddle wheel the best in the case of light and medium immersions. : Both the vessels were fitted with engines of 400 nominal horse power. The propelling engines of the Basilisk were of the ordinary oscillating type and those of the Niger were a special kind of direct acting horizontal engine, having two pairs of cylinders, one pair being placed on each side of the main crank shaft, with an air pump between. Each piston had two piston rods working in different planes, one being above and one below the crank shaft, the rods of each pair of cylinders being connected to one crosshead, from which a connecting rod passed to the crank and put its shaft in motion. The air pumps were worked by a similar arrange- ment to that by which the motion of the \pistons was communicated to the cranks, the whole forming one of the best examples of direct-action engines that had at their time been produced.