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1900. MARINE REVIEW. a] DAY OF THE SAILING VESSEL NOT YET AT AN END. Referring to the large wooden sailing vessels built recently in New England yards, the London Express says: "America has just turned out from the ship building yards of Maine the two biggest schooners ever launched. One is a five-master and the other creates a new record by carrying no fewer than six masts--each of them with over 100 ft. of Oregon pine in the lower mast alone. The six- master is more than 300 ft. long, has 12,000 square yards of canvas, and can carry 9,000 tons of coal--a species of freight mentioned by our Bos- ton correspondent with a keen appreciation of England's present. interest in transatlantic coal supplies. Most wonderful detail of all, she can be navigated by a crew of fourteen men, whereas, our correspondent claims, a square-rigged vessel would require twice as many. This is a point on which sailing experts may differ with him, but the main point is that a crew small in numbers can handle a huge carrying machine deriving its motive power from the inexpensive breezes of heaven. Most ordinary people thought, and think, that the day of the sailing vessel is passed. Sentimental folk, with an eye for picturesque marine effects, may be heard on any excursion steamer admiring the casual bark or brigantine encountered in the lower reaches of the Thames (full-rigged ships are less often met with) and deploring the crowding out of the graceful sail- ing vessel by the ugly and womanlike steamer, It seems that the plaint is quite uncalled for. The steamer has displaced the sailing ship for all time as a carrier of mails and passengers and of perishable goods that need wapid transit for the market, but there is plenty of work for the good ship with stout wooden hull and fluttering wings of canvas. Hei day is by no means over. Possibly a new era of activity is before the sail-driven vessel. With the price of coal ever raising and the difficulty of obtaining sailors and firemen ever on the increase, it may be found better economy to use the slower sailing vessel than the hurrying steamer, with great saving of the initial expense of powerful engines and the cur- rent expenses of crew and fuel. It may be interesting to 'quote a few figures giving the relative tonnage of steamers and sailing vessels dealing with British commerce at a comparatively recent period. A dozen years ago the steamships of Great Britain and the colonies represented a ton- nage of 4,615,000, as against the 4,435,000 of our sailing vessels, while the ships of the United States (apparently about to show us the way in utiliz- ing sail power) were reckoned at 1,770,000 tonnage for steamers, as against 2,540,000 for sailing vessels. Thus, in British commerce sails fairly held their own against steam, while in America the sail had a big lead in tonnage over steam. It is good news to hear that the sailing ship is not likely to be driven out of the field. She is a thing of beauty, to begin with, and aesthetic considerations are not to be disregarded when they can be combined with sound commercial advantage. That this lat: ter point can be secured, with the combination of very big ships and rela- tively very small crews, appears to be clearly indicated by the line of enterprise adopted by our astute American friends--who are going to bring us cheap coal." OPERATION OF THE STURTEVANT EXHAUST HEAD. An interesting example of the practical application of centrifugal force is presented in the design of the Sturtevant exhaust head. The accompanying illustration serves not only to show its construction, but also its method of operation. Externally it appears to be an inverted cone of heavy galvanized steel plate attached to the end of the exhaust pipe. Its in- terior construction is shown to consist of two branching Pipes extending upward from and connected to the exhaust pipe. These individual pipes, which are parallel to the sides of the casing, . terminate in elbows from which the steam escapes. Its contact with the circular sides of the case gives it a whirling mo- tion, which thus gives centri- fugal force an opportunity to act. Inasmuch as this force is proportional to the weight of the substance acted upon and as water weighs about 1,600 times as much as does exhaust steam, the natural re- sult is that the water con- tained in the steam is thrown outward in radial lines with great force. Striking upon the sides of the cone it trick- les to the bottom and there escapes through the drip pipe. Such oil as may be entrained with the steam is likewise separated. The steam, now dry, is forced downward by the additional entering vol- umes and quietly escapes to the:atmosphere through the central pipe. It is evident that all tendency on the part of the water to escape with the steam is most forcibly overcome by the centrifugal action. The central pipe being made larger than the supply beneath, and the cold sides of the case tending to condense a portion of the steam, it is manifest that no back pressure can be exerted upon the engine. The absence of baffle plates and the absolute simplicity of design are the best guarantees of endurance on the part of this head. It is built by the B. F. Sturtevant Co. of Boston in sizes ranging from 1 in. up to 36 in, exhaust pipe. This company has just received an order for two immense exhaust heads, one for a 30-in. pipe and one for a 36-in. pipe, which are to be built on this design. ; BELLEVILLE GENERATORS Grand Prix 1889 Originated 1849 Hors Concours 1900 Latest Improvements 1896 Number of Marine Leagues made each year by Steamships of the Messageries Maritimes Co., Provided with Belleville Generators--Since their Adoption in the Service. Year. Australian] Polynesien open int anes Chili |Cordillere| Laos Indus Tonkin | Annam £390 oes ee ere ss 22,576 820 PBoI ee ee 22,749 22,777 68 es Oe 22,749 | 22,801| 23,274] 7,753 io oe 22,793 | 22,781 | 22,762] 22,749 1S94 viaeserseiecsie oh ce. 22,813 22,789 22,858 22,513 12,567 (B95. ie 22,891 22,922 22,913 22,936 13,629 9,571 (896.5. .: wo Seo eeesiweb renee 23,178 30,906 23,232 23,183 20,735 21,051 13,572 1697. ce Ce 22,750 23,202 30,912 23,185 20,745 25,370 21,119 14,382 1598 cca. ele 23,646 23,178 23,184 23,199 20,842 21,080 21,080 20,851 21,318 7,569 1899 .....: 823 ees 23,178 23,205 22,477 30,135 20,082 20,926 20,956 17,448 18,285 14,669 7,628 Wotale-3.. sc... 229,323 | 215,381 | 191,680 | 175,953 | 108,600 97,998 76,727 52,681 39,603 22,238 7,628 ATELIERS ET CHANTIERS DE L'ERMITAGE, A ST. DENIS (SEINE), FRANCE. WORKS AND YARDS OF L'ERMITAGE, ST. DENIS (SEINE), FRANCE. TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS: BELLEVILLE, SAINT DENIS, SUR SEINE.