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1901.] MARINE REVIEW. 23 essential features of battleship design, have varied the distribution of the remaining disposable weight in a manner which each individually deemed most efficient. Since each of the several features may be found developed to an extreme in some one or more of the vessels being compared, and since the one restricting and governing condition in such development is weight, may it not fairly be assumed that the naval value, assignable to the excessive development of any one of the design features, may be repre- sented by the weight necessary to such a development in any degree above that represented by a minimum embodied in all the designs. Such an assumption will here be made; and the naval value of the type design will be assumed to be 4,300, the approximate weight required, under the con- ditions outlined, to provide in the type design the features embodied. The relative naval value of each vessel under consideration, as compared with the type design, will be expressed finally by adding to 4,300, the naval value of the type design, the weight which it would be necessary to add to the type design in order to provide in that vessel for the armament, armor, speed, and coal carried in the design whose relative naval value it is de- sired to represent. The several vessels, when compared with the type design, show increases in the several naval features, with corresponding added naval value as follows: VIRGINIA. Four 12-in. guns instead of:four 9.4-in. guns...............+ Value 160 Might.6-n. Suns additional... cscs ews See a uses aco ec va ce ae 300 Twelve 14-pounders instead of twelve 12-pounders, and two 3- pounders and eight I-pounders additional ............... y 40 Heavier and more extended water-line protection (11-in. armor as compared with 7-in. armor amidship)......... us 410 More extended upper. Delt: : 00 ccs c cece cris Aes d " 120 Heavy guns in turrets protected by 10-in. armor; large diame- peu bar bettes, with 10-in: armor = «. 2605.5. Se. cca. Ss f 620 Protection of 8-in. gun positions, and extended central battery DEOLCCUON. iiss 6. as spe eo ies ea eens en Mee z 240 Protection to portion of secondary. battery <2... 6665.62 .0...% e 40 Additional notmal coal supply; ..55 yes Vesies eeaewee ces u 250 One knot more speed, which, with weights added above, necessitates increase in machinery weights.............. ae 520 Total additional. valu@ijc. 200 os. sec. ce 2750 Nalue of type desipt cc oss saris nee sit Gali eas 4300 Relative naval yaliles onc. secures. Tecliee. oke 7050 DUNCAN. Four 12-in. guns instead of four 9.4-in. guns................ Value 160 'wo additional stibmerged 'torpedo tubes. . 6. .0.0..0-5... ce. 6 20 More extended upper belt of greater thickness.............. - 350 Heavy guns mounted on turn-tables with barbettes protected by Ii anmiOr eee ee ee ee ty 500 All second caliber guns in isolated armored casemates, afford- ine additional protection tovsuch guns... 5... sinc... et a 260 Additional normal coal supply. 263 Si chee oe : 250 One knot more speed, which, with the weights added above, necessitates increase in machinery weights.............. = 450 'Total-additional valtie. 22>. e723. oe. ie 2000 Nalue-ot type: design. 2.0.34 a. os kc oe ee ee 4300 Relative waval values... 3.3 ee ee ce 6300 BORODINO. Four 12-in. guns instead of four 9.4-in. guns................ Value 160 Eight- additional 12-pounders and fourteen additional 3- POUMOetS scene hl. ena ae eco ee : 50 Four additional above water torpedo tubes................., * 30 Heavier and more extended water-line protection (9-in. armor as compared with T-in. armor amidship)......)......5..: ee 100 Mote extended upper. belt, complete: :. 3.0... 3.3: 22-5 oes e 200 Heavy guns in turrets protected by 10-in. armor with large ALMOTEd. tUDES). 12.6. cs cr. Suis omer ne oy es so ee 450 Protection to, pottion: of secondary. battery.................- ¢ 120 Adational nofinal coal supply: oc. 25... ce uae ee eee " 250 With same speed, weights added necessitate increase in ma- GUInely. WEIGHS 4. ci sees aks aden wate oo z 130 Total Additional value isc a8 ocske ssc aet ee ees ee 1490 Valie7On type GeSigis.. 0.2. be. cee ase ee oy se oe 4300 Welative Naval Vallie® oo. . sshaeicce es sens dis sew 5790 MIKASA. Four 10-in. guns instead of four 9.4-in. guns................ Value 50 Mowe: additonal Orin. SUNS 6 ee ee ci ess eahaes = a oe ee en . 50 Eight additional 12-pounders, two additional 3-pounders, and four aqditional 2)4-pounders: oF i, G4. 6 ess wees cee ea es 20 Two additional submerged torpedo tubes........... or easy e 20 Heavier and more extended water-line protection (9-in. armor as compared with 7-in. armor amidship)<.............:- ie 350 More extended upper belt 2. ... 20 ss ce ee ee e 190 Heavy guns mounted on protected turn-tables, with large diameter barbettes protected by 14-in. armor............ a 580 More extended central battery and protection to two addi- fits GAN BUNS 23 a, cok ee ess ne 190 Additional normal coal supply........-....-....+.--+--42-e- . 750 With same speed, weights added above necessitate increase in Pi OHNety WEIRNISE.. «5. ose ee ees ce eee: - 230 Weealaaaitiotial value... oe 2480 WatuelG type design. i. 8 ces. aches ee eee 4300 Relative naval valtie, 2.603026... ee ak eee es 6730 : WITTELSBACH. Six acewional 6-ini gains. 3b. . 5... eerie ts Maa pata osae Value 145 15-pounders instead of 12-pounders.....5......0.......6.0%.. ie 10 AGaonal tocpedo OUtht.© . 6 ics soe oe il eae os es as GH " 25 Heavier and more extended water-line protection (8.8-in. armor as compared with 7-in. armor amidship).......... Value 130 Additional protection to heavy guns (10-in. armor as com- pared. with 8-in, armor)... 30.4 ee D0 Armored casemate for two additional 6-in. guns and turrets tor four additional G-in, guns. ...,.0.-....4.. 4.2575. 5.. . 240 One knot more speed, which, with weights added above, necessitate increase in machinery weights.............. a 330 Total additional yalue:../.....4..0.... 35... . 960 Value of type design. .0.,..5.04. 7 4300 Relative naval value... 4. 00...657.555 5260 VITTORIO EMANUELE. Two 12-in. guns instead of four 9.4-in. guns................. Value 50 Twelve 8-in. guns instead of twelve 6-in. guns.............. 3 220 Twelve 14-pounders instead of twelve 12-pounders, and six : additional 3-pounders .......8....0..5..5........ x 20 Additional torpedo outht | 3..4.0.0 35203. 2). 27 uae 5 30 Heavier and more extended water-line protection (934-in. armor as compared with 7-in. armor amidship)........ ey 270 More extendedsupper beltz% 2100210. 80. oh. ae A Oe ¢ 80 Protection to second 'caliber: suns -by-turrets..:............; a 160 Additional: normal coalsstpply.... csi. oc e 350 Four knots more speed, which, with weights added above, necessitate increase in machinery weights............... 1500 Total additionaltwalue: 23) ..c30. a 2260 Value of tyne desion. iw fot 4300 Relative nawall vale 2.200.048 doch oick co ek 6560 "Tt should be noticed that there is reason to believe that the figures for the indicated horse power and displacement for the Italian vessel, Vittorio Emanuele, are inaccurate, since, in the present state of ship building art, it would seem to be impracticable to procure, with the horse power given, the designed speed of 22 knots in a vessel of the designed displacement of 12,624 tons; and this displacement would seem to be in- consistent with the features which, if report relative to this vessel be true, it is proposed to embody in the design. It should also be noticed that the feature of protection given by the protective decks of the several vessels is regarded as being of equal efficiency and value in all the vessels. It is known that in the Borodino this protective feature has been developed to an extent somewhat in excess of that found in the other vessels com- pared; and, had it been practicable to extend the comparison to include this feature, the Borodino would, doubtlessly, have shown to better advantage in the final results. "Since the relative naval values given above are expressed in terms of, mathematically, the same dimensions as those employed in the expres- sion of displacement--if the relative naval values be divided by the de- signed displacements of the several vessels, the results may be expressed as a percentage, which might be termed the efficiencies of the several designs. These figures vary from 42.7 per cent. for the Borodino, up to 52 per cent. in the Vittorio Emanuele (assuming the designed displacement given for this vessel to be a possible one); and the order of merit of the designs would be, on this basis, as follows: Vittorio Emanuele, 52.0; Vir- ginia, 47.2; Duncan, 45.0; Wittelsbach, 44.6; Mikasa, 44.8; borodino, 42.7. "In conclusion, it may be stated that while reasonable care has been given to the estimates upon which they are based, detailed accuracy in the figures given above is not claimed. The purpose has been to roughly estimate and express in concrete terms the relative naval values of the several vessels whose designs werexconsidered, in order that the results of this comparison might be presented in a form more tangible than that of a general discussion of the several features of the designs." DISCUSSION UPON CONSTRUCTOR GILLMOR'S PAPER. Discussion upon Mr. Gillmor's paper, as might be expected, was both interesting and extended. At the suggestion of Mr. 'MicFarland, presiding, Rear Admiral Bowles opened the discussion. The admiral said that the paper was simple and interesting, embracing purely the naval architect's point of view and being*free from confusing details of are of fire and muzzle energy. "There is one peculiarity of comparison of battleship designs," said the admiral. "Wherever they originate the local battleship is made out to be the best. Possibly not sufficient attention has been paid in this paper to the feature of protective deck. The English vessels really carry a double protective deck. It will be found that the foreign design gives greater value to protection. The result of the present tendency will be that battleships will increase in size and I want to assure the society that, whether majority or minority plans prevail, the United States battleship will have no superior in any navy." Capt. Von Rebeur Paschwitz of the German navy was called upon for his opinion upon the German design, but he pleaded that having spent the past five years of his life in the United States he was more qualified to speak upon the American design than the German. The thing which im- pressed him most was the enormous amount of coal an American ship could carry. He was surprised to hear Admiral Bowles say that the size of the battleships would increase, as he thought the depth of the United States harbors limited the draught. Capt. P. E. Tchernigovsky of the Imperial Russian navy ventured to co that personnel had a great deal to do with the effectiveness of the ship. Lieut. L. H. Chandler of the torpedo boat service said that, while the paper was important, no satisfying conclusion could be reached which did not take in arcs of fire and muzzle velocity. Under this comparison a ship which shows very highly might be put out of action by a really inefficient ship. -- Lieut. Com'dr White feared that the paper compared ships for what they apparently are. "The Virginia," said he, "has an open deck. The Duncan's 6-in. guns are in closed casemates, each casemate having its own, source of ammunition supply. Our later battleships are deficient in this respect. Our guns and guns' crews are subjected even to the fire of sec-: ondary guns. The same is true even of our turrets. Turrets could be con-