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ee 1903.) _MARINE REVIEW AND MARINE, RECORD, = GREATNESS OF THE LIGHTHOUSE INSTITUTION. No country on earth spends anything like the amount of money that is spent by the United States for lighthouse purposes. For maintenance alone the appropriations turned over to the lighthouse institution by congress now amount to about $4, 000,000 annually. All this aside from the very large appropriations that are continuously being made for new lighthouses and other aids to navigation, and aside also from the fact that the item of main- tenance includes no charge for supervision of the service, which is in the hands of officers of the army and navy: There is no charge to the shipping interests of this country for this service, excepting as they contribute to the general cost of government, and the light dues charged to foreign vessels might well he. called nominal in view of the verv large portion of our foreign: shipping that is conducted in foreign bottoms. The latest report of the United States lighthouse board shows that on June 30, 1902, there were under control of that establishment 9,767 aids to navigation, Givided as follows: Teermouses atid beacon lights 2.0... 3. ein ee 1,332 eis cle i position... 45 Peet-vessels for reliel ~. os a ee 9 Pecttic-lighted: buoys in position. 7.5.04 4 II Ga. ichted biloys in position . <4... ay 102 Fog sionals operated by steam, caloric, or oil engines..... 188 Poe sietals Operated by clockwork 3.00%. 2) 231 Pree ate ee eS ee ee Sere 1,830 iG or wnliviited beacons. ie. oe a oi Bee. Wiens Diuoys in position oo. 66.0k.cs ye 84 Pel beovs iy position = se Aes ee es 127 former BUOYS in position =... Y; ats el ee en ea ls Ge a ee 9,767 In the construction, care, and maintenance of these aids to navigation there were employed: ica LOnUers Wk, Suk ea 35. Sica [diniches 40206. 1 Ve ee eee 11: Satbig Pendere 0 st ee o e : 2 Wt ee pers i ele Ae oS CR ee ove 1,429 Officers and crews of light ships and tenders...... ns 1,348 Laborers in charge of post lights. Dive Ee ae 1,412 igor emploves 2s. ee ee 501 As showing exactly the expenditure involved in maintenance it may be noted that for the present fiscal vear, to end June 30. 1903, the appropriations from congress aggregate $3,701,013; this in addition to the appropriation in the same_year of $978, 104 for. new works. 'The items involved in. maintenance are: Sipplics to lighthouses. ...........: eh a et. + $ 475,000 Peepdt SO ie HinOUSeS sess eo ee te 670,000 Salaries Of light keepers. - 77. .66.. es, eet 800,000 Me eescs or elt vessels. 006. «500,000 Expense of buoyage ...... ere ee 550,000 Pee chses Of foe sietials 6 ee ne '~ 190,000 - Tienes Of rivers 20 es pee ge race . . 300,000: Dirvey. Ol lishtnouse sites 2.7... ce ee 1,000," Pe Mouses for Neht stations... oo... 5. en es ce __ 10,000: Porto iican lWeuthouse Service. 2253, 66s bee 75,000 Maintenance of lights on channels of the great lakes.. _ 4,000 ee a ee es oe cet. ERROR Neat ee ee a ie $3,701,013 | The number and kind of lights and other aids employed in different sections of the country om juue 30, 1902, will be found. in the following table: 2 2 Sibak bis 2 Boe le Aids. 2 0 oie ~ is 2 . Se 1a) 8 8 +S wo to) Seob clee ae Hleetric lights: sah.0 0. os oe Be sae PPA eel ae eee 4 MPSt-OLderrieis,. 8 iy es es ge eo 40 IS cle cal ee 58 Second-order lights... ee 16 DB ser, 20 pel itd Orger (ents. a ae 86 5 ee oh 65 Three-and-one-half-order lights. . oe cana Bl... Bilas i Prth-order lights ..4......0 <0. hee Z eh OL ie Ohl ae 301 Paetn order Wigits <3 108 7 BA 159 Deixprorder Nowts: 56 oe Pk es 57 a aes 104 Jeense-laritern Hohts. oie. 0.556 .e es Corie MOD Bt OL ese 292 Beonveletse otis (2... 0 ee A Aloe 16 eerectOrients fe ee 56a: 7 63 Meee lancer (WeRtS. ses ots oe wee 432| 125] 126 | 1,424 | 2,107 PASn vessels 1 DOSittONs 25. ese ek ee 82 3 NO es es 45 Blectriclighted buoys: 3 ec eee es Wee : eee th Gas- ete DUOVS ee BO eae Ci 102 : Total lighted aids.................65- 1191} 211| 532! 1.424 | 8,358 ' Fog-signals operated by steam, hot air, or oiler F rei Phiess. : d : : eee ie As 2 ese og-signals operated by clockwork .... ....+++. ¢ 5 ea ees 'Sop es oe ee ee 450 97 1| 811). 859 Whistling buoys. . ee ee vidas ee oS 84 ee buevs 2 a re eae 109 15 3 eee 127 Rey CHOY, 6A ate ee eg 8923} 3641 6383}..... |.4,920 Total unlighted aids. ............ ..) 4.815! 522| 781! sil | 6.409 Total number of aids.-.-.;.-.., «..-- 6,006 | 763 | 1,263 1,735 | 9,767 J J. HILL ON NORTHWESTERN TRADE. Speaking last Saturday night at the reception of the Com- Ocul 'Club of St. Paul to Hon. Clifford Sifton, Canadian minister of the interior, Mr. James J. Hill, president of the Great Northern railway, had this to say of northwestern trade: > "We have settled some questions in this country in such a way that no other nation thinks our settlement at all permanent. For instance, land transportation: In Great Britain it costs $2.35. an average.to haul a ton of freight one hundred miles. On the continent it costs about $1.90. In the United States it costs 70 cents, and we pay four times the wages they pay. We furnish the transportation for a little more than one-third of the average of Hurcpe and still-we-are hardly happy. Sometimes we would like to furnish it for nothing, but it cannot be furn- ished for nothing. A railroad is.a great deal like the French cook, when they asked him what he wanted to make soup. 'Oh, any- thing.' "Well, what?' 'Well,' he said 'a joint, a piece of mutton, a bone, the: 'heel of an old shoe; I must have something, but I cannot make it out of nothing.' "The amount of traffic has grown to an extent that east of Chicago. the railroads cannot carry the business. You could not go to Minneapolis and make a contract to get a carload of flour or.a'trainload of: flour delivered in New York, a contract that you could enforce in thirty days, because nobody 'knows what time. it will take, the traffic is. so great. Now, there are two ways that the traffic of the west, growing as rapidly as it is growing, can find its way to market. One is down the Missis- sippi to the Gulf of Mexico. 'That is active today. Grain: sells as. high for the last year, as a rule, in Kansas City, as it sells in Chicago, simply because it can go out by the Gulf of Mexico. People are afraid now to send their grain east by the trunk lines, afraid they may not get it until next spring. 'The other is by way of the St. Lawrence. If the St. Lawrence system was im- proved, as it might be, it would take the great bulk of our export business from this portion of the west, and from all por: tion of the west near the great lakes." THAT NEW CANADIAN ORE DEPOSIT. Concerning the: report of the discovery of an iron ore de- posit in Canadian territory 30 miles northeast of Sudbury, Prof. A. P. Coleman, a Toronto geologist in the service of the Ontario bureau of mines says: "The mine in Hutton tea tae. has been called the Moose Mountain by Charles: Osborn of Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., who owned it at the time of my visit. The part I visited was on lot 9 of the fourth concession of Hutton. The deposit consists of magnetite, inbanded with some silica, but it is much richer in magnetite than thé iron range is in general. When I was there the ore body had been stripped for 270 ft. in one part and 300 ft. in another and about 25 to 30 ft. wide. The ore seems free from pyrites, or nearly so, but contains some silicate. The hill is about 180 ft. high and probably the ore will be found to have at least that depth. 'There is no reason to suppose it does not go much deeper. -I think if you took the whole range there is very much more ore there than in the Helen mine but it is uncertain if it is all ofa grade that could be worked. I was told that the best ore would go about 60 per cent. in iron but how much of the ore I' saw disclosed would: run that high I do not know. A somewhat siliceous magnetite, such as this, is not the choicest of ore. e is not usuany as highly esteemed as hematite." PINTSCH SYSTEMS. The Pintsch buoy system is now applied to 240 buoys aaa: beacons in the United States, Canada and Mexico. This is noted in information from the Safety Car Heating & Lighting Co. of New York, regardin the vary latge increase in their business » s . during 1902. During the year 2,051 cars: were equipped with the Pintsch light in the United States; Canada and Mexico. Seventy-five gas buoys were purchased by the lighthouse departments of the United: States. and Canada, and 1,811 cars were equipped with the New York company's standard steam heating systems. The Pintsch lighting system has been adopted by over 200 railroads in the United States, Canada and Mexico, where it is applied to 20,017 cars. The steam heating systems of this com- pany. are,adopted by 130 railroads in the. United States and are applied to 11,050 cars. Up. to Oct. 1, 1902, the Pintsch system has been applied to 116,000 cars, 5,000 locomotives and 1,500 buoys and beacons in the world. The simplicity of operation and economy: in main- tenance of the Pintsch system has been so satisfactory that it: has practically been adopted as the standard lighting system by the majority of the railway lines and the lighthouse aap iay ments. of the world. Reports from the blast furnaces of the country certainly _ contain no indication of a falling off in the enormous demand that has so long existed for iron and steel products throughout the country. On Jan. 1 the production was again in excess of all previous records. The plants running on that date were able to make 354,684 gross tons of pig iron per week, the highest previous record having been 352,064 gross tons on May 1 1902. © Official reports regarding pig iron production in the year 1902 are not yet. complete, but close estimates place the agere- gaté at a little less than 18,000,000 gross tons.