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26 , MARINE REVIEW AND MARINE RECORD. HEATING AND VENTILATING LARGE SHOPS. At the works of the New York Ship Building Co., Camden, N. J., and the Fore River Ship & Engine Co., Quincy, Mass., are some of the largest shops in the country--immense one-story buildings. Methods adopted for heating and ventilating these new structures were therefore a subject of considerable interest to members of the New York Railway Club who met recently to discuss the matter of heating the different kinds of large build- ings that come under their direction. While such buildings are very simple in construction, they are not so simple as might appear in regard to the problem of effectively distributing heat and air. On account of the large amount of roof, wall and window surface, the loss of heat is very great, and also, because of this and the relatively great height of the building considered as a single room, there is a tendency towards unequal distribution of the heat, the warm air rising to the roof and the cold air flowing to the floor, where it renders the workmen uncomfortable. It is important, then, not only that a sufficient quantity of heat should be delivered to the building, but also that it should be delivered where it will do the most good. If an attempt is made to supply the heat directly by means of steam or hot-water coils the best results are not obtained. 'The vicinity of the coils is apt to be uncomfortably hot from the heat radiated : directly therefrom, while places at a distance are dis- agreeably cold. The heat transmitted to the air of the © room by contact and con- vection from 'the coils is largely lost, since the hot. air-rises vertically and im- - 'parts its warmth to the roof and skylights. It is also to be objected to this system of heating that it makes no provision whatever for ven- tilation, thé extended sys- tem of steam or water pipes is subject to damage by freezing during the coldest weather and steam _ pipes have been shown to be fre- quently the cause of fire 'where they came in direct contact with wood or other inflammable materials. . Due principally to the rea- sons which have been given, ah the direct system of heating ee for work of this character js falling into disfavor and is being superseded by the x fan or hot-blast system. ne os required for the latter consists usually ss IITIEE. of a steam coil for -heatin PI UY the air, an engine or Cote. de driven fan for propelling the air through the heater and to its destination in the shop, and a system of piping or ducts leading it where it is needed. The heater will contain a considerable less length of pipe than would be required for direct heating, due to the higher velocity of the air over the pipe surfaces. The blower is additional equipment, but its use would be justified on the score iof ventilation alone, something which is hardly considered at all in the direct system of heating. The exhaust of the engine is usually turned into the heater, thus obviating any loss from that source. 'Ihe distribution of the air by means of pipes should be so carried out that the lower part of the room is kept at a comfortable temperature, while at the same time no disagreeable drafts are produced. It has been found that by properly proportioning and directing the delivery flues most satisfactory results can be secured. Illustrating this point some very interesting examples were cited, at the meeting mentioned above, by Mr. C. H. Gifford of the B. F. Sturtevant Co. He said: "In the first place, if you desire air or almost any other form of gas or substance at any particular place at any particu- lar time, the best way is to provide a suitable conduit to deliver it there, and I would add, if there is any difficulty, which there may be, by air blowing on an individual workman, it is a simple mechanical detail to rectify it, and, if you are unable to predetermine where the men or machines are to be located in a building, you can simply have an adjustable discharge opening from the pipe delivering the air, and if, perchance, it blows upon someone there generally is some space near the person to which the air can be directed and therefore cause no inconvenience whatever. _ "As an example of what can be accomplished by distribu- tion, I have in mind a machine shop, that of the New York Ship Building Co. They have a building which I believe is about 1,100 ft. long, about 250 ft. wide and 82 ft. high. The pro- LL77 = ea [Apr. 30, position was to heat one-half of this building and leave the bal- ance of it unheated. It was a problem that came to me, and I must say that I was a little phased at attempting to heat one end and not have any interference from the other end. We how- ever conceived the idea that there could be a partition put across the middle of the building about 12 ft. high, and we could then bring the heated air down to the zone which it was desired to heat, which was not over 8 ft. above the floor, and in that way we could perhaps confine the air in the space, and not have very much effect on the rest of the building. It was something of a speculation and rather a bold attempt, when you consider enter- ing into a guarantee which might involve a serious loss; neverthe- less it was done. The apparatus is arranged under the landing platforms of the gallery which surrounds the shop, so that it is out of the way of the cranes. Pipes are carried along beneath the runway of the cranes and branches are brought down on the posts and discharge the air towards the floor, the outlet being in the form of a Y, which is adjustable. We were very much gratified after the plant was started to find that it performed just as was expected it would, and it is surprising to note the differ- ence in temperature between the two 'sides of that partition. It is almost the same as when you pass from the building out of doors. 'The result is simply due to the fact that the air was gy 7 Balt ey Dilarie, Onrtarre. anal AN: Marjo Rapido wy t Jo Lake Hurar-Aa7rses 5 ey, leoalt Ole Maric, Michigan. g0 Mg, (°° 0 Joo 1000 100 2000 7 cole 110000 A view of Canals, Locks and Rapids in the St. Mary's River. brought down and continually pressed down into the space which it was desired to heat." Further emphasizing the advantages of correct distribution Mr. Gifford says that it is "possible in some cases to introduce $50 worth of additional pipe to carry the air where it is most needed, so that you can, on account of this, leave out $100 worth of heating apparatus. 'That is, you can get equal results by using smaller apparatus and less steam." 'he adcption of the fan system renders the control of the heating apparatus and of the ventilation ideal. During very cold weather, or in the morning when the building is being heated up, the air supply may be drawn from within the building itself, thus effecting a great economv of heat. In some buildings having a very high cubic space per occupant, sufficient ventilation during the winter time will be supplied by the leakage of air through doors and crevices about the windows, by transfusion, ete. Quoting Mr. E. T. Child, also-of the Sturtevant Co., some of these advantages are as follows: "First, a great convenience in handling, since the entire heating system of a building may be controlled from one point; second, efficiency and economy, by controlling the speed of the fan and reducing the length of pipe to which steam is supplied, leaving more steam available for other purposes; third, the fact that the entire heater coil is in a steel housing makes the danger from fire much less than with many pipes passing through partitions of wood; fourth, in the suinmer time it gives the opportunity to ventilate the shops, and this, I think, is quite important. Some shops are very apt to become over-heated in the summer time and a current of cold air may be drawn from a basement making them much more habitable. "The pipes should be so arranged," says Mr. Child, "that the air will not be discharged directly upon the workmen. It is