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32 | Te Marine. REVIEW are four of every other kind of degree courses--four eleven-degree-fifteen minute courses, which are the 1-point- courses, N by E, N by W, S by E and S by W;; there are four 22° 30' courses, which are the 2-point courses: NNE, NNW, SSE and SSW; four 33° 45' courses, which are the 3-point courses: NE by N, NW by N, SE by S and SW by S; four 45° courses, which are the 4-point courses: NE, NW, SE and SW. In addition to being called 4- point courses and 45° courses, they are also called the inter-cardinal - points, because they lie midway between the cardinal points; they are also called quadrantal points, deriving their name from the four quadrants of the com~ pass. There are four 56° 15' courses, which are the 5- point courses; four 67° 30' courses, which are the 6-point courses; four 78° 45' courses, which are the 7-point courses. There are four of each other kind of degree courses, as you will see by examining the table of com- pass angles. The student should learn: this system of naming the point courses thoroughly as it will help him a great deal in compass work. It will also help him to learn to box the compass the proper way. Remember, that in boxing the compass "properly you repeat the name of each point and its quarter points four times except the 3-point courses and the 7-point courses, which are only named once, Thus, N,N 4% i, Nw E, N % Ey north appears four'times. N by E, N by E% E, N by EY%E, N by E % HE: N by E appears four times. NNE, NNE 4% NNE % E, NNE % E; NNE appears four times. NE by N (a, 3-point course, therefore, only named once). NE %4 N, NEY%N,NEYN, NE; NE is named four times, and so on all the way round. After naming the 3-point courses you start with the 4-point courses and read 34 either north or south, as the case might be. This then is a 34%4-point course. We really back up on the readings from the 4-point to the 34-point courses, bpt we couldn't say NE by N 4% E for NE%N Remember, what has been said and you will have no trou- ble. Study the compass card comprehensively anl you will see why all these things are. If you box the compass by naming each point and quarter point as you come to it, it will not bother you to read from north to east, or from north to west (0° to 90°), but if you attempt to go from east to south and west to north (90° to 0°) on the same principle you'll get badly tangled. Just try it and see. That is the reason for telling you before to read from N to E and thence from S to E, and then S to W, and then N to W. If you read either from E to S or W to N you'll be reading back- wards. As soon as you learn to box the compass accord- ing to this principle, you can go all the way round, from north back to north by way of east, without the least trouble. From N-to E (not E to N) is called the first or NE quadrant; from S$ to E (not E to §S) is the second, or SE quadrant; from S$ to W is the third, or SW quadrant, and from N to W is called the fourth, or NW quadrant. Note.--In all practical compass work the seconds and minutes are discarded, and the course is figured to the nearest even degree. The degree is the smallest mar- ginal division on the compass card, and in either steering or taking compass bearings, if it is figured to the degree, it is considered close work. The seconds are discarded entirely, but in the case of the minutes they are discarded when less than 30, but when 30, or more than 30, they are called a whole degree. For an example: If you were told to steer N 11° 15' E, and you had a compass with degrees marked on its margin, you would put her on thé even Il. supposing you were told to steer S 5° 37' 30" E you would call it 6° even. N 33° 45 Ww would be N 34° W. Remember that north and south are the reckoning, or starting points of the compass, and that all courses are reckoned from them, and that is why they are marked zero in the table as well as on the face of a compass card. They are called meridian courses because meridians run north and south N%E,NY%~W,SY%EandS YW are all numbered %4-point courses because they are just one-half of a point from the reckoning points, and this is the reason that they are so numbered in the table, and so on with the remainder of the compass points. The greatest course we can have is 90°, or 8 points, which is either east or west. As soon as you get over . 8 points it is necessary to reckon from the other way, that is, subtract the number from 16 points, or 180°. For an example, the course-is 10 points right of north and subtracting this from 16 points will give 6 points left of south,.or ESE. You will understand this more fully when you get to correcting courses for variation and deviation. The student should now be able to answér with facility all such questions as these: How many points to the compass; how many degrees; how many cardinal points, name them; how many inter- cardinal points, name them, and why are they so named? From whence does the point NNE derive its name, and how does the point S by W Bee its name? How does W % S get its name? How many points is it between each. cardinal point? How many points is it between one inter-cardinal point and the next inter-cardinal point to it? How many points is it from E % N to SSE ¥% E? How many points is it from N by W to S by W % W? How many points is it from NE by E to S by W? What points are 5 points on either side of SSE? What points are IO points on either side of SW? What points are 8 points on either side of north? What point is 16 points on either side of south? How many quadrantal points are there? Name them. How many points in 360°, in 90°, in 180°, in 135°, in ast How many degrees in one point of the compass? In a quarter, half and three-quarters? How many in 5% points? How do you know that there are 11° 15' in I point? Because the compass card is divided into 360°, and is also divided in 32 divisions called points; then if there are 32 points in all each point will contain as many degrees as 32 are contained times in 360°, which is 11° 15'. From which points of the compass do you reckon de- grees, and towards which points? What points of the compass are marked zero, and what points are marked 90°? Why is it improper to reckon the degrees on the com- pass from east and west toward north and south? What is' the difference between S 45° E .and SE? What is the difference between S 22° 30° W and SSW? What is the difference in degrees between N 33° 45' W and NW? What is the difference in points between S 56° 15' E fang Se by ky, E? How many one-point courses are there? Name them. How many: Meridian courses; 8- -point eparses: 14-point courses; 244- point courses; 634-point courses; 90° courses; 14° courses: 34° courses are there? Name them. What is the difference between: An 8-point course and a 90° course? A 5-point course and a 56° 15' course?