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. ' Lumber, head of the lakes to Ohio ports.. AVERAGE LAKE FREIGHTS. There is herewith appended the us- ual annual summary of lake freights for the season of 1906. Further evi- dence is given in the tables, of the ten- dency of the daily or wild rate to work out at the end of the season at approx- imately the contract rate. Ore con- tracts for 1906 were made before the year opened, when the shipping had practically sold all the ore they cared to deliver. The rates were based upon 1905 figures being 75 cents from the head of the lakes, 70 cents from Mar- quette, and 60 cents from Escanaba. Coal rates were established at 30 cents to Duluth and 4o cents to Milwaukee, and held to that figure until August 7, when they advanced 10 cents. This rate was maintained until late in Novem- ber, when it advanced to 60, and later to 75 cents, $1 being paid on a few car- goes. Navigation opened on April 14, and continued without sensible inter- ruption until Dec. 12. The different summaries of average rates are as fol- "TAE MarINeE. REVIEW 18987 a 28 2654 423 28% 28% 1899: ass 69 58 45% 66% 67 TQ00 ee ce » 45 40 40 45 43% 1901) ae 49 46 38 481, 48 1902 es 46% 414% ° 34% 46% 42 1903. . 50% 45 41% 50% £46 1904 ey 47 40 De 45% 47 1905. ee 46% 41% 33% £42 41% L906 46 42 35 42 42 Average, for ten years 45% 41 Bach 444% 43% Chicago rate about same as Milwaukee, Coal of all kinds shipped in net tons and handled without charge to vessel. AVERAGE. FREIGHT RATE ON IRON ORE PER GROSS TON FROM PORTS NAMED TO OHIO PORTS-- TABLE COVERING WILD AND CONTRACT RATES FOR TWENTY YEARS PAST. Ashland and other ports at the head of Escanaba. Marquette Lake Superior. Wild Con- Wild Con- Wild Con- or daily tract or daily tract or daily tract <2 rate. crate, < raters rate, rate.. tate; 188%. 1-50. 1-402 1 Sy al 63, 8 23 200 1888 1 05 90. BOs eS ee Tease 125 1889°=1 Ot 1 00 19 1 10 L 3421.25 1890 89 lO E07 al 25 Wy 1 3 1891 84 65 1202 90. A 1 00 1892 74 . 1-00 98) a 1S el he tas 21893 56 85 7 100 7/1200 1894 46 60 60 80 78 80 1895 73 25 92 75 11s 80 1896 52 70 66 95 T1524 Oo 1897 45 45 25 65 Sf 70 1898 51 45 60 60 62 60 1899 95 502 1.08 60 -1:29% 60 1900 69% 1 00 78% 1 10 84% 1 25 1901 64 60 79 70 89 80 1902 59 60 66 70 77 75 1903 61 65 72 7 81 85 lows: 1904 5814. 55 62 60 70 70 AVERAGE DAILY RATES OF FREIGHT ON THE GREAT LAKES, 1906 1905 1904 cents se cents ron ore, Escanaba to Ohio ports, gross tom...--.+-++++++-- 60. 60. 53.6 lion ore, head of Lake Superior to Ohio ports,gross ton 15.99 76.875 70.3 Tron ore, Marquette to Ohio ports, gross ton..---+++.+++.++++ 70% 70. 62.4 Wheat. Chicago to Buffalo, busHel .........- «-45s¢- +++ 17223 1.6719 £3 Wheat, Duluth to Buffalo, bushel ........-+.. seers eer r tees 2.1959 2-315 1.8 Soft. coal,. Ohio ports to Milwaukee, net ton.-------++-+++- 46.05: 46.525 47.4 "Soft coal, Ohio ports to Duluth, net ton......+++++see+seees 34.85 33.5 7a) Soft coal, Ohio. ports to Portage, net ton..:.------++.---+.- 41.97 35.3 35.6 Soft coal, Ohio ports to Manitowoc, net ton..-----.++-.+-.. 41.97 41.525 40.6 Soft coal, Ohio ports to Sheboygan, net ton..------.-+-++-- 41.97. 41.525. 4.0.6 Soft coal, Ohio ports to "Green Bay, met ton. -:7. 7 41.97 42.425 45.6 Soft' coal, Ohio ports to Escanaba, net ton..-----++.+fuse-- 41.97 41.525 40.6 ard coal, Buffalo to Milwaukee, net tom....---++++++++s:- 45.38 44.575 43.4 Hard coal, Buffalo to Chicago, net ton....-+--sssrrreeeeeeee 46.20 44.575 43.4 Hard coalk Buralo to. Duluth, net ton... 0-222 sn te Sono 33.05 33.9 Lumber, head of the Jakes to Ohio ports....:-:.---:-3-¢:- 271. 245.375 254.0 FREIGHT RATES, TEN YEARS END- 1905 61 60 70 5710 77- 75 eee ING WITH 1906. 1906 60 60 70 70 7595 75 Cents, Tron ore, head of Lake Superior to Ohio ports, gross ton : Iron ore, Marquette to Ohio ports, gross ton Iron ore, Escanaba to Ohio ports, gross he Shee eb Heaney oa nee Ow OA g RTO ORR eee Okeke eo oie oe 10 Wo Ai ee (020 0660 Cre. 68 50018_.9 Le Nog avg piel ah 8l We Ob Keio Bie OC e010; 818. 0. 858 0 ton 45% Soft coal, Ohio ports to Duluth, net ton 35 Hard coal, Buffalo to Chicago, net ton.. 45 Hard coal, Buffalo to Duluth, net ton.. 35 eRe ee oe Gib (eke ar 8 ©) 6) @70ke 4) 6 ees a) 8. Ore 8i0, 8181S 478 Wheat, Chicago to Buffalo, bushel...... 1.66 Wheat, Duluth to Buffalo, bushel....... Soe AVERAGE OF DAILY LAKE FREIGHT RATES ON HARD COAL FROM BUFFALO TO CHICAGO, MIL- -- WAUKEE AND DULUTH DURING TEN YEARS PAST. Chicago. Duluth. - Year. Cents. Cents. 1897 29 26 1898 , 28 23 1899 73 49% 1900 48 39% 1901 'sod 50 38 1902 42 33 1903 48 38 1904 43 ; 34 1905 44 34 1906 : 46 35 Average for ten years 45 | 35 Rate to Milwaukee practically the same as to Chicago. Hard coal is net tons and is handled without charge to vessel. AVERAGE OF DAILY RATES ON SOFT COAL FROM OHIO PORTS TO MILWAUKEE, ESCANABA, DULUTH, GREEN BAY AND MANITOWOC, Mil- Esca- | Green Mani- waukee. naba. Duluth. Bay. towoc. Year. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. 1897 ..2.;. 2834: -293%6 - 26 30 31 Charge to vessels in 1906 for unloading iron ore was 20 cents per ton. The wooden vessels that required trimming paid an_ additional charge of about 3 cents per ton for that ser- vice; z Average ore rates for the entire period of twenty years: Escanaba, contract 73% cents, wild 72 cents; Marquette, contract 89 cents, wild 87% cents; Ashland and other ports at the head of Lake Superior, contract 9774 cents, wild 99% cents. Average for past ten years: Escanaba, tract 60 cents, wild 62 cents; Marquette, tract 71 cents, wild 72 cents; Ashland other ports at the head of Lake Superior, tract 77% cents, wild 80 cents. con- con- and con- LAKE FREIGHT RATES ON WHEAT, DULUTH TO BUFFALO, : Year, ' Rate cts. Year. Rate cts. L906 Sr a 2.19 1905 ie el 1894 14@3 1904 ce Soe, eA:81 1893: 14@3% 1903 cs: 156 1892 2% @4 1902 ee 1.9 1891 14%,@9% T9013 6; 2 aoe 2.3 1890 2 @5 NO00 eee BO 1889 2 @5 VEO se a 653.6 1888 2 @5 VOOR ees 1.8 1887 2 @8 1897 ee 1:75 1886 34% @8 T8966 a ae ess 2A2 : LBRO ee 3.50 Figures for ten years past average of daily -- rates for full season; previous to 1895 rates given are highest and lowest of the year. AVERAGE RATES ON WHEAT PER BUSHEL BY LAKE FROM CHICAGO TO BUFFALO, Vear. Cents: Year. Cents. Year. Gents; 1860 9.89 1875 3.42 1890 = 1,96 1861 11.53 1876 2.90 1891 2.38 1862 10.49 1877 ave 1892 2.19 1863 7.51 1878 3.07 1893 1.66 1864 9.58 1879 4.74 1894 127 1865 9.78 5.76 1895 1.97 1880 'AVERAGE LUMBER RATES, 'are fully described, ors 1866 12.34 1881 3.44 1896 1.70 1867 6.67 1882 2.50 1897 1.56 1868 7.14 1883 3.41 1898 Less 1869 6.81 1884 2.18 1899 2.71 1870 5.88 1885 2.02 1900 1.79 1871 7.62 1886 3.68 1901 1.42 1872 11.46 1887 4.13 1902 Ti 1873 7.62 1888 2.56 1903 1.41 1874 4.03 1889 254 1904 132 1905 1.67 1906 1/2 Averages for 47 years, 4.43 Charges to vessels for shoveling, trimming and tallying weights of grain amounted to $4.12% per 1,000 bushels in 1906. DULUTH TO LAKE ERIE R PORTS. ate Rate Year. er M. Year. 1006 $2.71 me hay 1905 655255. 2.45 1900 3.33 1904.37 2.54 - 1899 ees 1903 2s 257 1898 1.78 Se 2.54 189 1901-90 2.66 : es BOOK REVIEWS. The Marine Steam Turbine, by J. W. Sothern, M. I. E. S. 2nd edition. (Whittaker & Co., London. 1906. Price, 6 shillings net.) This book, the author of which is a practical engineer and draftsman, also principal of Sothern's Marine Engineering College, Scotland, has been written for the use of marine engineers and those anxious to ob- tain practical information regarding the Parsons marine steam turbine. The subject is very fully dealt with, the author illustrating the text with many original sketches made from working parts of turbines actually un- der construction, and numerous photo- graphs of turbines now in active ser- vice. The machinery of the Allan liner Victorian, the Channel steamer Viper, and the Cunard liner Carmania, the dimensions and arrangement of the two express steamers now under construction for the Cunard line, being also given. - The illustrations are clear and well designed, and are of much value in following the text. Much pains have also been taken to give simplfity to all descriptions, the author following up his original idea of making the book understandable to those whose knowledge of mathematical and 'tech- nical matters may be limited, all un- necessary detail being avoided. The work also contains much in- valuable matter of interest to practi- cal marine engineers, the experience gained from the past performances of. turbine steamers now in service, com- parative results of turbine-propelled steamers and _ similar steamers equipped with reciprocating engines, - causes of breakdowns, etc. The importance of the book to per- sons interested in the construction and operating of the marine steam:tur- | bine cannot be overestimated.