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26 QUESTIONS ANSWERED. Editor Marine Review :--Saw in your paper of June 20 an illustration of how to find how far apart two steamers are after each running 100 miles starting fromthe same point, one steering N, the other N x E, and as you say that this rule does not apply to more than one point. How would you find the correct distance they would be apart if their courses were more than a point differ- ence? Hoping to see the answer in an issue of the RVEIEwW in the near future, I remain, A -SUBSCRIBER (A MATE.) P. S--And also would like to more thoroughly understand the problem in regard to Twin River Pt. light on page 20. of the same issue. Also. the cross bearing and how to work that out. Sault' Ste. Marie, July 8. Answer:--When the course is over a point the problem must be worked in trigonometry, using the logarithmic func- tions which are contained in all naviga- tional tables. - The problem-comes "under oblique-angled trigonometry. gram drawn to represent problems of this nature forms what is_ technically known as an isosceles triangle, and that is a triangle having two of its sides equal. A four-point bearing forms an isosceles triangle, since two of its sides (opposite) and two of its angles (oppo- site) are equal. We will take an example: Say two boats start from the same place, one steering N 100 miles and the other NE x N 100 miles, how far apart will they be after each running 100 miles? Draw a rough plan or diagram showing the course and distance of each; next con- nect the two course lines with a straight line. This last line represents the dis- tance at which the two steamers are apart. Call the starting point A and the two ends B and C. Mark' A as angle 3-points, because the two courses make an angle of 3 points; then the other two angles will each be 6% pcints. This is because the three angles of every trian- gle equal 180 degrees, and 180 degrees is the same thing as 16 points. If one angle is 3 points the other two must equal 13 points together, hence, one of them must equal 6%4 points. Then say: As the sine of angle 6%4-pts. is to either 'side of 100 miles so is the sine of angle 3-pts. to the side BC; or worked out in full it would stand thus: As sine of angle 6'4-pts......... 9.98088 Is to either side 100 miles ...... 2.00000 Do i tue sine o-pts .........--.. 9.74474 | 11.74474 oes eee es 9.98088 To the side BC 58.06 miles...... 1.76386 The distance apart would be 58.06 miles. The above operation is simple A _dia-, you like. - would without its theory. TRAE Marine. REVIEW proportion in logarithms. The © second and third terms multiplied and divided by the first term to get the fourth term which is the answer. In logarithms ad- ding makes multiplication and subtracting performs division. Another good way and one that is more simple, is to do it by construction. Lay off on a chart or with a protractor on a sheet of paper an angle of 3 points, draw the two lines representing vided to tenths, using one inch to 10 miles. Connect the two ends and meas- ure the length of your line, and this will be the required distance. We will have more to say on this subject another time. A Cross Bearing is two bearings of two objects taken at the same _ time. These lines are drawn on the chart from the objects observed and where the two lines cross or intersect each other is the position of the ship at the time the bearings were taken. For example: Sup- posing at the same time that Twin River Pt. lighthouse bore SW x S Kewaunee pierhead light bore NW. Draw a line SW x S and NE x N over Twin River Pt. light and extend it out for some dis- tance; draw another line NW and SE from Kewaunee light and where the two lines intersect is the position of the ship provided she took these bearings as above described. The ship will be 9 miles from Kewaunee and 13% miles from Twin River Pt If there is anything more that you would like to have answered more fully on this subject or anything that you do not thoroughly understand let us hear from you again and as many times .as This is what this department is for. A FEW HINTS FOR THE YOUNG MAN ABOARD SHIP. Study the theory of your calling and you will find that its practice will come to you much quicker than the practice The theory of navigation is learned from books. You must have the theory before you can practice it. Theory put to practice is what makes a navigator. You cannot learn seamanship from books to very good advantage, but you can get a whole lot of hints that will help along your practice. Know the wherefore as well as the how is the idea newadays. What it has taken some men years to accom- plish through working by practice alone a man with the theory can learn it in much less time and know it better. His practice will be much better to him be- cause he knows the reasons it is based upon. When a young man makes up his mind to make navigation his profession one of the first things he should do is find out whether he can pass the examination the 'course; use a scale of equal parts di- for color-blindness, for if he cannot, the time he spends in preparing himself for his first certificate and in getting used to sea life will be worse than wasted, for it can only lead to the bitterest disap- pointment. The writer knows a number of such cases and there are many mpre. Hence, the necessity for preliminary as- surance as to the power of distinguish- ing colors. Any ship's officer can give you a simple examination that will dis- close whether or not you are color blind. It must be remembered that a color-blind person cannot distinguish colors; all colors look alike to him. Others will call red green and blue red, etc. The "rules of the road,' as the law which regulates the movements of ves- sels when underway, is called, is one of the most important parts of a young of- ficer's .first.. examination. He should know this\better than any other part of his work, if one part of his work should be any better*than another. He should not only memorize each rule, but he should know the law or reason that the rule is based upon. This is not difficult . _ to learn, The law is really based upon the port and starboard helm; the red and green light, and one and two blasts of the steam whistle. Starboard helm, green light and one whistle are practical- ly all one and the same 'thing. And similarly, port helm, red light and two blasts of the big whistle are all one and the same. These rules should not be learned parrot-fashion as is, too often the case. Simply knowing these rules is of no account and unless they can be practically applied they are worse than useless to a man. It is one thing to know a thing and another thing to carry into execution what you know. This is the way it is with the rules of the road. . You may know each one by heart, but if you cannot execute it on board you are hopelessly out of place, and a detri- ment to your calling. A young officer generally has some such experience when he first takes charge of the deck. It is the great responsibilities resting upon * him that unnerves him. But this soon wears away when he has a little practice. The wheelsman or watchman has the opportunity of fitting himself admirably for this position long before it comes to him if he will only exercise a little judgment and discretion in the matter. After learning the rules of the road he should pragtice them in this way: Watch every move that is made on your boat and by the watch officer. In meeting and passing other vessels before the re- quired signals are blown, say to yourself what you would do under like circum- stances. What the watch officer does is what you should do. In case your judg- ment is different than his, inquire into the matter and find your mistake or his mistake, as might prove the case. You