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QUESTIONS FOR MASTERS AND MATES.--NO. 46. 625. Engine disabled. how would you keep your boat out of the trough of the seas with the equipment on board an ordinary lake freighter? 626. What is the easiest position a steamer will weather a gale? 627. What does knot indicate, speed or distance? 628. Is it necessary to say somany knots: per hour? 629. Is it necessary to say so many miles per hour? 630. In your opinion do you think that by the use of oil in heavy gales it would assist in preventing many of the accidents that occur: on the lakes? 631. How much faster is the mean sun time at Cleveland than at Chi- cago? : 632. In lake vessels what is the increase or decrease of the magnet- ism of steel hulls mostly due to? 633. Is it important to reverse a new steel hull after launching and leave it so while the finishing is being done? ; 634. Why? QUESTIONS FOR WHEELSMEN AND WATCHMEN. TWENTIETH INSTALLMENT, 225. What is a timber-hitch and how is it made? 220;- Witt is" a: how is it made? 227. What is a timber-hitch and a half-hitch? 228. What is a carrick bend and how is it made? 229. What do you vaderne by Rule 22? 230. Draw a diagram showing .a sailing vessel on the starboard tack and the direction of the wind. 231. Draw a diagram of a vessel running free. 232. What do you understand by Rule 27? 233. How -do. you understand Rule 9? 234. If you were steering E x S with the wind and sea running from the NNW, how would the sea strike the ship? . 235. How would you take care of a lead line to keep it in the best of condition? clove-hitch and ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR WHEELSMEN AND WATCHMEN. EIGHTEENTH INSTALLMENT. PUBLISHED ocr, 10. -201. On the starboard side. 202. Going in from seaward red buoys mark the right hand side of "TARE. MaRINE REVIEW the channel and black. buoys. the left hand side. 203. Indicates a channel on either side of it. 204. On the starboard: side. 205. A steady light; one that shows continuously. : 206. Sand (sand bottom). 207. Life-boat. 208. A can buoy has a round top like a ball-and sometimes a flat top while a nun buoy is more on the cone shape, both on its top and _ bot- tom; a can buoy is cone shaped on the bottom. 209. On the port side. 210. That it should' be left to star- board. 211. 212. 6 feet. 120 feet. SOUND "SHADOWS" IN FOG. The following illustration depicting the probable deflection of sound waves and how "shadows" or inaudi- ble zones occur will prove of inter- est, since the subject has: been dis- cussed at some length through. the columns of the MARINE Review. Colonel 25:: the signal, although the fog: signal, may be blowing continuously, , and the sound therefore is perfectly, audible. on all sides of the shadow. 'In many, cases the cause of a sound - 'shadow can easily be discovered. The exist- ence of a bluff behind the whistle - sometimes makes the sound waves ricochet in a bounding manner over the water, perfectly audible at say one mile, inaudible at two miles, and distinctly heard again at three miles,: It is impossible.to trace the -origin<of: many sound shadows because they" are doubtless due to some peculiar condition of the atmosphere. A STRONG ENDORSEMENT. The following letter will explain itself 'without further introduction: Mr. Clarence E. Long, MARINE REVIEW: Dear Sir--I am in receipt of your Course Finder, Deviation Log and Deviation Diagram and its book of explanations. I can assuré you "that they are very useful and necessary ~ articles; and I do not believe 'that any nie should be without them. The Course should be the Finder SILOWING SOUND SHADOWS, OR SOUND WAVES RICOCHET, "..-/[) 3" Anderson's contribution to the dis- cussion has been received with a great deal of interest. _ Colonel. Anderson is chief of the engineer's office, De- partment of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, and having built so many Canadian lighthouses, his. ex- periences and experiments have brought him in close touch with this subject, all of which contribute. to the valttie of his thoughts and state- ments. It may not be out of place to also state that Colonel Anderson is a Fellow of the Royal Geograph- ical Society. As is already known. repeated ex- periments have proven that sound in fog is erratic, and that mariners- run a grave peril when they trust to fog signals alone. The reason for this ungentlemanly behavior of sound is designated as "sound shadows," with- in which the ear detects no trace of Sis ae ~ property of everyone studying" for papers. I had contemplated a book similar to your Course Finder, and I am pleased to congratulate you on its efficiency... I have used Baxter's Diagram for some time, but I think your Course Finder and. Deviation Diagram much simpler. In compil- ing such a work slight mistakes are liable to occur, which may be ob- served by proving the course. 1 ré- gard them as important aboard ship as the sun compass itself. : Very truly yours, - E. O, WHITNEY, Master Str. "Samuel PF. B." Morse. Capt. R. Rieboldt has resigned 'as master of the Brazil, and Capt. ' Wil- liam Mackin, who had charge of the Bulgaria, hos been appointed in his place. "Capt. D. A. Kendall has' aed charge of the Bulgaria, --