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Register, spoke approvingly of the system where the work was not of. extrador- dinary size. In reply to questions, Mr. Ruck-Keene stated that the cost was practically the same as in hand labor but a great saving © in *time was effected. If the work were done by trained men there was nothing to prevent it being passed by Lloyds. He was not prepared to say' which process he preferred. They were both good. ¢ Mr. Battle in his lecture impressed the necessity of reform in the berth- ing and hygienic arrangements . on board ship. Under general present conditions to keep a watch for four hours. in a close' and heated at- 'mosphere, after sleeping in a_ badly ventilated and badly s'tuated berth, required considerable effort on the part of the officer to keep from nap- ping on his watch. In the matter of air space, the authorities allowed Tom- THE MarRINE REVIEW my Atkins when in barracks 600 cu. ft., and in common lodging houses the allowance was 300 ft. per' man. In the light of these figures the basis of 72 cu. ft, as allowed by the Merchant Shipping Act, was surprising. Deal- ing with the question of bunks, the lecturer suggested the following rules: All bunks should' be constructed clear of the ship's side or bulkhead, to al- low a free circulation of air. They should be placed against the inner bulkhead--not against the ship's. side. They should all be removable,» the framework be of iron and wire springs substituted for the usual wood lathing, The sides or bunk boards should be - not more than 8 in. deep, and. the foot and head boards should be car- ried within 6 in. from the deck above. He advocated for the ventilation of the bunkers an air current passing through 'the coal. ¥ HORIZONTAL CURTIS TURBINE GENER- -ATING SETS FOR MARINE SERVICE Until the attention of the public was called to marine turbine develop- ment by the recently built turbine-. driven liners, this source of power for marine use had hardly received its ei eben PE mown, drive and the immense widening in the scope of electrical marine. service, require such an in- creasing amount of electrical power that engine driven units of suitable FIG. 1--CURTIS STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR SET C4-75-2,400-ForM. T, 125 voLts. due amount of consideration. The construction of these liners calls at- tention to other turbine installations on shipboard and directs the public gaze to the progress made in this line. The rapid development of electric size for general use aboard ship are coming to occupy altogether too much space. It is to meet these changing conditions that the steam engine is being displaced by the Curtis hori- zontal turbine, especially in lake ser- vice, where it is particularly valuable applications in 31 both on account of its low head room and the high efficiency obtainable from condens'ng operation. In Fig. 1 which shows a complete 75-kilowatt set, the turbine is shown at the left, the generator being at the further end of the base. This cut also shows the throttle and governor. " Nowhere has the expansive force of steam been utilized to greater advan- tage than in the steam turbine, where instead of the cycles of intake, ex- pansion, exhaust and compression, as they appeared in the old reciprocating engine, there is simply a constant flow of steam. The directed kinetic energy of the steam is consumed in rapidly rotating a large disc. The great number of small radial buckets set in the periphery of this disc presents an enormous area to the entering steam. This steam strikes the buckets after passing through sta- tionary inclined nozzles set in a plane tangent. to the disc. The nozzles (Fig. 3) are inclined in the direction of rotation of the disc and at about 20 degrees to the plane 9f it so that, instead of entering from the end of the buckets as the stream in a Pelton water wheel the flow enters at the sides, se On leaving the stationary nozzles, the steam passes through a_ small clearance space and impinges on the concave surface of the buckets im- parting a rotary motion to the disc. These buckets may be seen in the edge of the discs in Fig. 2 which shows a 75-kilowatt turbine with the upper half of the casing removed. After leaving the movable buckets the direction of the steam flow is so turned that although still acting in a plane tangent to the disc its direction is practically reversed. As the steam is still under consid- erable compression, it is quite desir- able to make use of its remaining .en- ergy by the use of another set of revolving buckets or even. by several more. The direction of flow being re- versed by each set of movable buckets, it must be redirected each time in order to be used on the next set. This is done by placing between each two sets of movable blades, a sta- tionary set whose concave faces are turned in the opposite direction. Each set of movable blades then makes with its set of stationary blades a series of SSS; each one divided at the middle -so that the top halves may move to the left while the bottom halves re- main stationary. Steam from the noz- zle striking on the concave sides of the upper halves tends to push them to the left, The-direction of flow is