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26 ef Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah and New Orleans, during each successive month of March, according to the type of their engines and the material of their hulls, show in brief form the progress which has been made, and fixes by decades the changes in design. The ports chosen as representative show these changes more accu- rately than a larger list would, since their trade has progressed normally, without any especial fluctuations, and has at all times been conducted by "good" boats, according to the standards of MARINE REVIEW AND MARINE RECORD. Aug. 14, the period. It is noteworthy that, except for the tenaciously sur- viving Wyanoke and Old Dominion, there were no paddle boats after the seventies, and that there were only two propellers before in commission to the ports in question. Wood and iron, as hull materials, changed places at just about the same time. Steel does not come in until the present decade and twin screws are eyi- dently to be reserved until the next. . TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF SHIPS IN COMMISSION TO FOUR PORTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ENGINES AND HULLS. March March March March March March 1852 1862 1872 1882 1892 1902 5 z 5 z 5 z 5 : = = z z Ce he we th oe AR Norfolk. 34.335 2 1 0 0 2 38 3 2 5 2 6 0 Charleston.. « 0 4 0 0 0 6 5 0 5 0 4 0 Savannah :. 0 2 0 0 a 3 a5 0 6 0 6* 0 New Orleans 0 3 0 0 12 1 6 0 10 0 13 0 Total four ports2 10 0 0 1 13 19 2 26 2 29 0 *One twin screw included March March ~° March March March March 1852 1862 1872 = 1882 1892 1902 s So 3 ca 2 S 3 a S c S < o O25 6 ° ° ° ° ° Qo 2 ° 3 aS Ss ee Ss Se SS eS Se Nook cc. oO 0 Oe oe Ob 6 0 6 Charleston 252.05 4 0 Oee 0 3 a 5 0 1 4 0 39 Savannab. ...23.0) 2 Oe NS 01 0b Or 60 68 New Orleans So. 0, 0.0, 10 3... 0. 6 0 10). 0 eg Total four ports. 12 O- 02-.0 25 7 db 16 a 26 0 oe NEWS OF THE GREAT LAKES. BROKEN CYLINDER OF THE EASTERN STATES. On the night of July 11 when about three hours' run out of Buffalo, the high pressure engine of the side-wheel steamer Eastern States, owned by the Detroit & Buffalo Steamboat Co., was disabled by the breaking of the follower bolts, follower and the packing rings which jammed in the cylinder, knocking off and breaking the back nead casting, the piston, and breaking the flange off the cylinder for a distance of about 7 ft., measuring around the circumference. The piston rod was bent short close to the piston. The engine of the Eastern States is of the three- \o' 3° | | | a 'Fig t | | a Ae | | | 1 ee clearance of exhaust edges of valves. In this condition the steamer was run by the two low pressure engines to Detroit, distance 200 miles, making about 11 miles per hour with steam pressure about atmosphere. Reaching Detroit the question of repairs was immediately taken up by Mr. Frank E. Kirby, consulting engineer and designer of the steamer. It was a question of a new cylinder, requiring six or eight weeks' time in the best part of the steamer season, or repairing the broken one. After considering several plans Mr. Kirby decided to repair the cylinder on the plan ee Cylinder of Eastern States cylinder, inclined, compound type with diameter of high pressure cylinder 52 in., and of low pressure cylinder 72 in., each with 7ft. stroke of pistons. 'The boilers are worked at 140 lbs pressure and develop a horse power of 4,000 with thirty-one revolutions. As soon as the accident occurred Mr. J. P. Wells, the chief engineer, disconnected the valve gear, shoved the valve in a posi- ' Broken Piece of Cyiinder and Flange. tion to cover part at broken end of cylinder; the open cylinder end was covered with canvas on which water was played through hose leading from the fire pump which effectually condensed any steam that passed the piston through the broken packing. © Steam could not be cut off from the front end of the cylinder, owing to - only 340 lbs., about six tons of known to founders as the "burning process," which was suggested by Mr. William G. Henderson, foreman of the machine shop of the Detroit Shipbuilding Co., and skillfully executed by Mr. Robert Smith, foreman of the company's foundry. The flange and part of cylinder broken off is clearly shown by the illustration from a photo, and also by the drawing of cylinder. The break extended from A to B Fig. 2, and in depth to C Fig, 1: a small crack extended about 10 in, further into the cylinder from C, another crack run from D to E through the flange into the port, and across the lower corner of the steam chest. The cylinder, which weighed in rough 28,800 Ibs., was removed from the steamer, taken to the foundry and placed in a pit, broken end up, and about 12 in. above the working floor. Dry sand moulds were built about the cylinder to form the flange. The burning was done in three castings on three successive days. 'The hatch- ing on the expansion drawing of the broken piece, Fig. 3, clearly shows the part done.at each cast. 'This plan greatly reduced the risk of a break: from contraction. Fusion at the line of break required from eight to ten minutes and the casting completed in seventeen to twenty minutes. Though the broken piece weighed : metal was used in the operation of burning. After roughing out the burnt part of the cylinder in a lathe, two cuts were run through the entire length to finish the bore.