The following text may have been generated by Optical Character Recognition, with varying degrees of accuracy. Reader beware!

22 TAeE MARINE. REVIEW The next view gives an example of a bad fracture. This was 10 ft. wide, and 17 ft. deep, and you will notice the plating is turned and projected outwards, in some parts as much as 6 ft, In order to make up this fracture, it was neces- sary to first completely cut away the outwardly projecting plates. The upper portion of this work was performed with pneumatic tools, worked from a compressor on board the salvage steamer, and the lower portion was cut away by dynamite, placed in position by the divers, and fired 'by wires attached to the dynamo of the salvage steamer. When this FIG, 9.--SARAH BROUGH BEACHED AT CEMAES, was completed the hole was planked up and made compara- tively. watertight also by the divers, and the next view will show the work done by them under water. -This view was taken in dry dock, after the vessel's arrival in Liverpool. The closing up of the hole was commenced from the bot- tom of the fracture upwards. Pitch-pine planks, 4%4 in. by 12 in., were uSed and secured by bolts, having a hook on the inner end, which was hooked on to the sides of the fracture. The planks were put on one at a time, and the seams were caulked, covered with canvas and battened, and the patch stiffened vertically by steel plates, 12 in. wide by 6 ft. long by 3% in. spiked to the woodwork. As the water was pumped FIG. A.--CUTTING SCUTTLE HOLES IN WALTER BIBBY FROM SAL- VAGE STEAMER RANGER, out of the hold the hooks of the bolts were further secured from the inside, and the patch shoved off against the out- ward pressure. It was practically watertight. The next method is the cofferdam. This is adopted when the vessel is sunk in water too deep to allow of closing up the hatch- ways and other openings and then pumping out, as the decks would not be able to stand the pressure of the weight of water above them. = The bulwarks are built up by the divers to above the water level, and the vessel is then pumped out by the salvage steam- er's pumps. It has been successfully accomplished in a num- ber of cases, particularly in the case of the Utopia, sunk near Gibraltar. The plan, however, is not applicable in very ex- posed positions. When the depth of water over the sunken vessel exceeds the limit of the cofferdam, the ship has to be lifted by pon- toons. British salvors are lamentably deficient in appliances of this description for heavy lifts, and in the case of a large vessel being sunk in deep water, even in our own river, there are no suitable pontoons to lift her. While appliances were being improvised, the vessel would probably be receiving further damage and possibly obstructing the navigation. This method will be illustrated later by a description and views of the raising of a small steamer sunk off the West Mouse, near Holyhead, in 12'%4 fathoms at low water springs. The next example is the interesting case of the upright- ing and subsequent floating of the capsized dredger Walter Bibby, in the Queen's Dock, Liverpool. The Walter Bibby is EIG. B.---CUITING SCUTTLE HOLES WITH PNEUMATIC TOOLS FROM THE RANGER, a twin screw dredger of the center ladder type, discharging at either side at will. Her dimensions are: 180 ft. long, beam 4o ft. 6 in., and depth of hold to ft.. The vessel is capable of dredging to a depth of 45 ft. below the water line, and can raise 600 to 700 tons per hour. The ladder has 38 SEAS BREAKING OVER A STRANDED STEAMER, buckets each weighing 25 cwts.; the links connecting the buckets weighed 5 cwts. each. The author wishes to call your