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Tae Marine REVIEW transverse system of framing, and I would add that since the first day upon which I found myself in close sympathy with Mr. Isherwood on this subject, I have not had one single moment of misgiving. I would venture to say, also, that the true guide to simplicity in a ship's structure is to take the skin framing through from stem to stern, instead of following the other tortuous route at close-spaced inter- vals throughout the vessel's length, leav- ing blanks between. Without further remark, I will refer you to Fig. 6, illustrating the section of an Oi) Steamer, 355. 1t..in length, now being built on the longitudinal system 8 adopted by my firm and with which Mr. Isherwood's name is associated. In this system the floors, frames, and beams are fitted longitudinally, being for the most part in long straight lengths. I would suggest that the chief merit of the system is the way in which the transverse strength has been dealt with, and I would add that this has received the first con- sideration. Longitudinal stiffening is for the most part woven through the trans- verse member in the neighborhood of its neutral axis. The transverse girders are directly attached to the shell securing the greatest possible value from the shell plating transversely. It will be seen at a glance that this reinforcement of trans- verse strength is obtained from the shell at the expense of very slight stress, ow- ing to the proximity of the neutral axis of the transverse girder to the skin plat- fic, 7, ing. In this oil steamer advantage has been taken of the circumstance that broken stowage is not a serious detriment with a liquid cargo, and full play has been given to the transverses as regards depth, and deep bracketing at the upper and low- er parts, to reduce the effective length of girder. The longitudinal strength of frames, floors and beams is maintained while passing each oiltight bulkhead by bringing up the riveted attachments to the strength of the member attached. This arrangement lends itself to greatly im- proved distribution of strains round the margin of the bulkhead, and the rivets. passing through the bulkhead attach-_ Ric. 8: ments are found to be subject to a much less severe stress, than has been the case in transverse-framed vessels. The next plate (Fig. 7) is the elevation of the same steamer, clearly showing the distribution of the transverse structures, and which explains itself. _ In designing the scantlings, an effort has been made to keep the stress at the bridge stringer equal to that at the stringer in way of the oil tanks. This desirable state of affairs is, comparatively easily obtained by the aid of the new system. I will next throw upon the screen a series of photographs taken of this steam- er during the erection. The vessel has been brought into fair shape by templat- ing the longitudinals and the brackets at- taching them to the bulkheads. The bulk- heads have been erected and riveted as Fic, 9: the erection of the vessel progressed from aft to forward. The stiffeners and the angles connecting all attachments on the bulkheads and webs were all riveted by hydraulic machine before the plates were lifted. It has been thought by some that seri- ous difficulty would be found in erecting a vessel on this system, and I think the best answer to that must be that the greater part of this structure has been erected and faired by the boys, in the absence of the carpenters, who are un- fortunately on strike. It has been proved by experience that the system gives unusual facility for completing all internal work as the erection § ad- vances, and this circumstance is' having a marked influence direction of economy. The of .dugs and knees saved in the oil ship is very great indeed. Moreover, there is no necessity for fitting stringers, and the keelsons, with their enormous connecting knees at bulkheads, are dis- pensed with, their functions being more efficiently taken up by the longitudinal floors and deep transverses resulting in economy in material amounting to about 275 tons, and at the same time reduced stress on plating and riveting throughout, and consequently much less liability to leakage, and easier maintenance. The in the massive appearance of the structure has been the first impression of almost every practical man who has inspected. I now refer you to the framing plan alone number ~