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ie : i & f CLOUDS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE, Cirrus.--The highest and least dense of cloud formation; it is of many varie- ties in relation to shape and extent. Culumus.--Known as the summer cloud. A_ species of cloud assuming more or less of a conical figure. Cirro-cumulus.----Commonly known as "mackerel" sky, and "sheep in a meadow" sky, owing to the rounded wooly patches - resembling sheep lying down. Cirro-stratus.--Long' ayers of cloud thinner at the edges than in the center. Cumulo-stratus--A blending of cumu- lus and stratus. Nimbus.--A combination of discharging rain, hail or snow. Stratus----The lowest of clouds, some- times called the night cloud; an extended horizontal formation of clouds, the sur- face of which sometimes. rests on the earth, forming mists and fogs. Cumulo-cirro-stratus or Nimbus.--A clouds, - mixed system of clouds; also known as Nimbus, the rain cloud. Wind is denoted in the log-books by the numerals 0 (calm), 1 (light air), 2 (ight breeze), 3 (gentle breeze), 4 (moderate breeze), 5 (fresh breeze), 6 "(strong breeze), 7 (moderate gale), 8 (fresh gale), 9 (strong gale), 10 (whole gale), 11 (storm), 12 (hurricane). Sea-swell is often indicated by the cap- ital letters S (smooth), M (moderate), L. (one); R (rough); -Cfeross) A (heavy), V H (very heavy). INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SIGNALS. The heading is the name applied to the code of signals adopted by all mari- time nations for communicating with ves- sels at sea, with stations along shore, etc. The code consists of one burgee, 4 pen- nants, and 13 square flags, from which 78,642 combinations can be made. PRESSURE OF THE WATER AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS. If a vessel has the flattest part of her bottom lying 16 feet deep, the water then presses 16 times as much upwards against this flat part, as. it does upon any part of the same ship © about the water's edge; and so on any other... part, according ; to. the depth. For example, suppose a vessel to have four leaks, or plug holes of equal size, that could be driven out occasionally--the first at 1 ft. under water, the second at 4 ft., the third at 9 ft., and the lowest at 16 ft., in the flat part of her bilge; that hole at 4 ft. deep would leak or let in as much water again, in the same time, as that at 1 ft.; and that at 9 ft., three times as much; and that at 16 ft., four times as much, though it run into the vessel upwards; and so on in proportion to the square root of the height of the water above the leak or plug hole. » TAE. MarRINE. REVIEW Therefore leaks in vessels aré more or less dangerous, according to their depth under water. On first springing a leak, it will rush in faster until the water inside is as high as the place where the leak is; and will pour in less the higher it gets inside. CURRENT SAILING. To find the course. to counteract a current: Lay off from the ship's posi- tion on the chart, the course you want to make good; next lay off from the True Course--East. Kes ship's position the direction the cur- rent sets, also its rate for one hour; then with your dividers take the dis- tance the ship will sail in one hour; place one point of the dividers at the end of the current for one hour, and (27 let the other point touch the course you want to make good; a line from one of those points to the other will show the course you' must steer to counteract the current: of course, if there is any deviation, at the point the ship's head is at, it must be al- lowed for. For example, suppose you are in a | current which sets SE at the rate of four knots per hour, and you are steaming at the rate of 12 knots per hour, and want-to make a due east course, what course must you steer to counteract the effect of the cur- rent? It is found as:follows: First, draw a line from the ship's position to represent the course you desire to make good, which in this case is east. Second, set off from the ship's pos- ition, the direction and distance the current runs in one hour, which is SE 4 miles. Mark this with a dot of your pencil. Third, measure with your dividers the distance the ship will sail in one hour, which in this case is 12 miles. Place one foot of the dividers on the pencil dot you made for the current and let the other touch the true course, and where it touches the true course, mark it with another pen- cil dot, then take your parallel rulers and find the course between your two pencil dots, which in this case gives the: course as Eby. N27 N, which. is the course you must steer to make your due east course good. Remem- ber, this course is good only for one hour. --$__--< LIGHTSHIPS AND TENDERS FOR PACIFIC COAST. Six new vessels of -the United States lighthouse service which are now under construction are to be sent to their sta- tions on the Pacific coast under their own power about Oct. 1. The light vessels were built by the Fore River Ship Build- ing Co., Quincy, Mass., and are to be named after the stations which they are to occupy after their arrival on the Pa- cific, viz., Columbia river--off the coast of Oregon, Swiftshore bank--off the coast of the state of Washington, and the Relief, which is to act as a relief vessel in the territory between the south- ern California coast and Vancouver straits. The lightship tenders, three in num- ber, are being constructed by the New York Ship Building Co., Camden, N. J., and are to bé known as the Manzanita and Sequoia, both of which will work from Portland, Ore, as headquarters, and Kukui, which is to be stationed at Honolulu, Hawaiian islands.