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18 providing conditions 2 and 3 are not violated. In regard to (2) ie, appears that inac- curate, initial adjustment may produce appalling changes between the two conditions. ; Farther, as to (3), unfavorable plac- ing of the compasses, for instance, too close to the vertical bulkhead of the pilot house, or the existence of unsymmetrical iron in proximity of the compasses, may confound all that has been said on the subject. From personal observation and the state- ment of captains in ships where these conditions exist, a slight change in the amount of water carried in the tanks or hold, may result in an error of half a point or more on some courses. : It is also apparent that the maxi- mum effect of this error is on the east and west headings, zero on the north and south points; in other words, it constitutes a heeling error in the fore and aft direction, it can be ad- justed with the vertical magnet found jn every modern binnacle directly un- derneath the compass. To illustrate the above, I herewith furnish the tables of deviations, as found on the steamer Frank H. 'Peavey. The initial adjustment was made on the trip from Two Harbors to Buffalo, cargo iron ore, off Thun- der Bay Island, Lake Huron, Oct. 10, 1908; swung for final deviations on the same trip off Long Point, Lake Erie, Oct. 12, 1908; also swung when light off Ashtabula, Oct. 14, 1908. The Peavey is a steamer 430 ft. long, 50 ft. beam, 27 ft. deep, steel pilot house, with wooden top. and_shelter rail; the outfit consists of a compensating binnacle and compass of the Bliss 'type, both for standard and steering compass, both binnacles being pro- vided with a brass tube for the re- ception of a heeling error magnet, but the latter. had been removed. The steering compass the forward bulkhead of the pilot house; as usual in lake steamers, the steel foremast is abaft the compasses, iron is symmetrically distributed, ex- cept the steam capstan and vertical spindle, which set about 14 in. to starboard. -- While swinging for deviations, ean Duncanson attended the steering com- pass, Mr. Nesbit, chief mate, the standard, the writer gave the magnetic headings, as the ship passes each full point, the ship describing a complete circle. Both, under starboard and port helm, the deviation here given is the mean of the two, for every is rather close to = TRE Marine ReEvVIEw other point on account of space, and is expressed in degrees and tenths: Standard Compass Steering Compass Ship's Head --Deviation-- --Deviation-- Magnetic. Loaded. Light. Loaded. Light. Nee: Ege 0° 0° =+42.0° MON EL. 14 +1.4 0 0 Nee ess 0 +14 --.7 0 Be No Ee. 0 +2.8 --.7 = Ch Bs suas ae 0 +5.6 --1.4 ae Bee SF Bess 0 +5.6 --4.0 oa: 4 Mere cas +1.4 +7.0 --2.0 -- 7 eS. Baa eed +5.6 --./ --1.4 Wi howe sess 0 +56 --.7 +2.0 Ss. SW; 0 +2.8 0 +2.8 SAW wees 0 +14 + ..7 +4.8 We Si We. 0 --2.8 +1.4 +3.5 Wee Sec ens 0 --3.5 +1.4 +3.5 W. N. W... 0 --3:5 +1.4 +2.0 Ne We e's +1.4 --2.8 +1.4 +2.8 N,N, W..: --1-4 e147, +2. 8 ~The -- sign designates ee the -- sign westerly deviation. These are the facts. I have the original deviation cards in the hand- writing of the officers, who were kind enough, for their own benefit and the advancement of science, to make the observations. I have also. some 50 others from different steamers, and se- lected these because the length of the steamer is suitable for revealing the error. The computation of the co-efficients from the deviations observed furnish the most important data for future reference; they do not interest the navigator, but are of great value to the adjuster, graphically illustrating the changes in the co-efficients. HOW JAPAN HELPS HER IN- DUSTRIES. It is the opinion of Henry B. Mil- ler, American consul general at Yoko- hama, who is at present visiting on the Pacific coast, that Japan is a very formidable rival of the United States for the commerce of the countries bordering upon the Pacific ocean. Mr. Miller states that there is no im- portant industry of Japan but is aid- ed and developed largely by the gov- ernment, and any country which is anxious to work up a trade with Ori- ental countries would do well to study the political economy of Japan. Mr. Miller states that "through the control of the finances of Japan, the railroads and steamship lines and the power to arrange subsidies, tariffs and rebates in any way best suited to its purpose, the 50,000,000 people of Ja- pan may be concentrated behind any one industry or activity by the gov- ernment. "The great steamship companies of 'Japan have the largest per cent of their capital stock owned by the im- perial household. The government owns the control of the Bank of Japan and the Yokohama specie bank, and through these institutions miatt ages to control the whole financial -_ system. This imperial treasury is to some extent a part of the govern- ment. By investing in the leading enterprises the government encour- ages every project of consequence to the country. "Through the control of the finances a certain-amount of money for the encouragement of the various indus- tries is set aside by the government, and this fund amounts to a large sum. The silk and tea industries are en- couraged in this way and tthe market- ing of products is also helped. Cot- ton goods are marketed by forming a trust of the manufacturers under the direction of the Mitsui Co., whereby the diversified products of the vari- ous factories are changed into stand- ard goods fitted especially for the markets of China and are carried to market by the Mitsui Co. The gov- ernment furnishes money to manufac- turers at 4 per cent interest to extend this trade. the imperial -"The investment of household in the various industries insures whatever aid is needed to build them up. Favorable tariff sched- ules are arranged, rebates and cheap transportation. The government has a monopoly of the railroads, salt, to- bacco and camphor. It has inaugurat- ed the lumber and other industries where individuals had not the cap- ital or courage to develop them. "While our trade with Japan is con- stantly on "the: imcrease, yet there ought to be a careful examination of the trade between the two countries and a 'tariff to meet the conditions ought to result in largely increased exports to that country. The new Japanese tariff will go into effect in 1911. The government has experts engaged in studying conditions in all countries to enable the establishment of a new tariff, especially in line with the necessary benefits to her indus- tries and commerce. "The industrial development of Ja- pan has been marked during recent years. The United States now con- sumes one-third of the exports of Japan." The Heffernan Dry Dock Co., Se- attle, Wash., is installing oil-burning apparatus in the steamers Hyades and Pleiades, owned by the Boston Tow- boat Co., and recently chartered to the Matson Navigation Co. and the American-Hawaiian Steamship Line respectively. It is reported that the Pleiades will also undergo some changes to her machinery to enable her to make greater speed.