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April, 1909 198:203:172, showing the superiority of the steel vessel of large capacity. The life of the 'hulls is assumed in all cases to be 20 years, giving an annual depreciation of 5 per cent. This is somewhat unfair to the steel vessels on account of their large salvage value whén the end of their useful life is reached. The steel vessels, barring acci- dents, are also longer lived than the wooden ones but this is 'balanced by the larger expenditures required to keep the steel hulls in repair. Dispatch in Loading and Unloading. The steam schooners are loaded and unloaded much more rapidly than the sailing schooners. This dispatch is obtained because the construction of the steamers permits faster loading and chiefly because the standby charges of the steamer are so exces- sive as to demand all possible speed in loading. The custom of loading sail- ing vessels in a leisurely fashion has a strong influence and 'the dispatch accorded the two vessels is wholly dis- proportionate. Sailing vessels usually load or discharge 75,000 ft. per day while in the same time a steamer will load or discharge from 200,000 to 300,000 ft. On account of the rapidity with which a steamer is loaded a larger number of stevedores per thousand ft. of lumber handled is required and the labor is less efficient. For this' reason the consensus of opinion is that the cost of loading a steamer is about 50 cents per thousand feet higher than the cost of loading a sailing vessel. ~The cost of loading a sailing schooner varies from 65 to 80 cents per thousand feet, B. M. The higher. cost of loading a steamer is denied by some good au- thorities and one quotes 50 to 75 cents per thousand.as the correct figures for these vessels, instead of $1.15 to $1.30, which is obtained by adding 50 cents to the cost of loading a sailing vessel. For this reason the 50 cents extra cost of loading the steam schooners hasbeen added as a separate item in Tables II and III, so it may be readily deducted "if desired. Such deductions would make no essential change in the rela- tive economies shown by the tables. Scale of Wages, The wages paid on the - sailing schooners, the wooden steamers and the. steel steamers vary as 100:176:193. But again on account of the better dispatch obtained by the steamers and the ad- ditional capacity of the steel vessels the wages per thousand feet of lumber carried per year vary as 129:113:77. The fuel costs of the wooden and steel steam schooners, per thousand feet annual capacity, are to each other as 92 is to 85. : The relative hold capacities of the TAE MARINE REVIEW three vessels are as 100:100:150, but the relative annual carrying capacities are as 100:200:325. Advantages of Steel Vessel. The construction of the steel vessel is such that it has a greater cargo capacity with the same dimensions. The steel steamer can also be built with much larger hatches than can the wooden steamer without impairing the strength of the hull. In case of acci- dent, grounding on a bar, or collision, the woodén vessel is claimed to hiave the advantage. But this point is dis- puted by the advocates of the steel vessel. Owing to the growing ratio of 'bunker space to revenue producing cargo space, the economical sailing radius of a steam lumber schooner is limited to about 1,600 miles. Beyond this distance the sailing vessel is the more economical. The longest voyage made iby the lumber vessels 'between ports in the United States is about 1,500 miles. Therefore for this traffic, which on account of foreign subsidized competition represents the large pro- portion of that enjoyed by American vessels, the vessel of the future is clearly 'the steel steam schooner. There are more of the other types in service at the present time because so many x wooden vessels were built before the: superiority of the steel ship was fully rising: price of lumber made the first costs: more nearly equal. But the steel steam-* demonstrated and before the er is the more economical in the long run and the same causes that brought. about its success in other classes of ser- vice will bring its eventual triumph in the Pacific coastwise lumber traffic. TABLE I. Annual Expenses of a Typical, Four masted, Sailing Schooner of 1,000,000 feet. B. s Lumber Capacity Making Six Round Voy- ages Per Year Between Puget Sound and San Pedro, Cal. First Cost of Vessel, $70,000. FIXED CHARGES: Depreciation, 5 per cent....$ 3,500 Insurance, 6 oper: cent......:.. 4,200 Interest on Investment, 6 POL CONT esse wie s wie les 4,200 Total Fixed Charges...... $11,900 $11,900 OPERATING EXPENSES: | Stevedoring, 6,000,000 ft. B. M:. at :$0:80,per M....-. $ 4,800 Wages (Per Month): IWEASLGE oc ie ie oe $125 ist) Mate: snes 70 2nd' Mate: ....6. 60 Cook fusrriat ek 60 BOY SS once eee 30 6 Sailors' oa =. 900 $645x12= 7,740 Food, 11 men, 40 cents per day, 360 days .....-..-.. 1,584 Towing, Pilot Charges, etc... 11,676 Total Operat'g Expenses..$25,800 25,800 Grand Oc ien oF Oe Gets $37,700 COST: PER FH : Bo Me OF LARGO. ... $6.29 TABLE Il. _ Annual Expenses of a Typical Wooden Steam SGchoones of 1,000,000 ft. B. M. Lumber Ca- pacity Making Twelve Round Voyages per Between Puget Sound and San Prete "Cal. First Cost of Vessel, $130,000. 29 FIXED CHARGES: Depreciation, 5 per cent on Hull, value : $50,000 3c $ 2,500 7 per cent on Machinery, value -$80;000 3 ee Insurance, 6% per cent..... Interest on Investment, 6 POT. CONG cea ica eos . Total Fixed Charges...... $24,350 OPERATING EXPENSES: Se at 12,000,000 ft. at 80; per Mio, ee 9,600 Wages (Per Month): : Master ist Mate 235.8: 75 and: Mates ea! 60 Watchman Chiet (Brot so, 125 2 Asst. Eng'rs .. 140 3 Firemen Cook ASSE Coole: 405, 40 2 Boys 5 Sailors $24,350 $1135x12--= 13,620 Food, 20 men, 40 cents per day, $00 (days... 4 ee Puel: 12::trips of 14 <days each, 168 days running at 10 { {ONS "arday. .5o.. 1,680 i 192. days: in Port at 4 CONS: sae day cai. 768 2,448 Say 2,450 tons at $4.50.... 11,025 Oil, Waste and Engineer's supplies 2,880: 4 Total Operating Expenses. .$38,125 Grand: Total. Add $0.50 per M for Additional Cost of Load'g Steam Schooner 38,125 $62,475 TPOtaleCOse ich oes le COST PER THOUSAND FT. Bie MicOR CARGO jn. oo, TABLE III. Annual Expenses of a Typical Steel Steam Schooner of 1,500,000 Feet B. M. Lumber Capacity Making Thirteen Round Voyages per Year Between Puget Sound and San Pedro, Cal. First Cost of Vessel, $180,000. FIXED CHARGES: Depreciation, 5 per cent.on Hull, value S7 S000 ee ee, $3,750: ea 7 per cent on Machinery, value $105,000 7,350 Insurance, 6% per cent..... 11,700 Interest 'on Investment, 6 DEL CON ccs vs cas ee 10,800 $68,475 eee eee nee Total : Fixed Charges...... $33,600 OPERATING EXPENSES: Stevedoring, 19,500,000 ft. at $080 a ke Ate $15,600 Wages (Per Month): Waster ce. es $130 $33,600 Watchman Chief Eng'r'... <4 125 2 Ass't Eng'rs .. 140 3°: Firemen): 536535 150 Cook Ass't Cook s2. 33% 40 2 2 BOVE. es occ ee 60 7 Sailors .os.3¢-. 350 $1,245x12= 14,940° Food, 21 men, 40 cents per day, 360 2days4c%..5. esters 3,024 Fuel: 13 trips of 14 days each: 182 days running, 15 fous a Gay. Sooo s463 2,730 178 days in Port, 5 tons a UAV. ke ae eee} 890 --_---- 3,620 Say 3,700 tons at $4.50.... 16,650 Oil, Waste and Engineer's Supplies 5. oni Gee cee eke . 2,000 52,214 $85,814 9,750 $95,564 Total Operat'g Expenses. .$52,214 Grand Total .......+-++++ees Add $0.50 per M for Additional Cost of Load'g Steam Schooner Total Cost COST PER THOUSAND FT. B. M: OF CABGO.....<:;. Pere ee ee ee 6,000