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April, 1909 which access could be had by shipping. Greece was largely an archipelago, and the mainland was so indented by bays that ships could penetrate into a large portion of it. Rome was not far from the sea, Italy had the longest shore line in Europe. The ship was then the most elaborate piece of me- chanical engineering to which mankind had attained, and where the ship could penetrate, civilization developed. Our own rough, unkempt ancestors gained what little knowledge they had of the arts from the ships of the Phoenicians who visited their shores in the summer. In fact, the earlier civilizations were de- veloped by engineers just as directly as our own civilization is due to the engineer. "Fenelon tells us that, when Tele- machus landed at Tyre, that city of the sea crowded with .the traders of every nation, her own people the most emi- nent merchants in the world and the vessels in the harbor so numerous as almost to hide the water in which they floated, he gazed with insatiable cu- riosity. upon the great city in which all was motion and energy, men busy load- ing vessels, dispatching or selling their merchandise, putting their warehouses in order or keeping an account of the sums due them from foreign merchants. Turning to Narbal, the captain of the Phoenician vessel that brought him to Tyre, he asked by what means the Phoenicians had monopolized the com- merce of the world and enriched them- selves at the expense of every other nation. "*Vou see the means,' answered Nar- bal; 'the position of Tyre renders it more fit for commerce than any other place, and the inventions of navigation are the peculiar glory of our country, for we have reduced the theories of Egyptian and Babylonian science to practice, regulating our courses by night, when we can see no landmarks, by the stars; thus we bring together innumerable nations which the seas have separated. Such are the means by which we have subjected the seas to our dominion: and included every nation in our commerce. But if jealousy: and faction should break in among us; if we should be seduced by pleasure or iby indolence; if the great should come to regard labor and economy with con- tempt,..and. the manual. arts should no longer, ,be deemed honorable; if: public faith,,.should not be kept. with the eftranger, and the laws of commerce vi0- lated; if the ship building art should be neglected and» those sums withheld which are necessary to make the instru- ments of navigation perfect of their kind,--that power which is now the ob- while WTAE Marine REVIEW ject of your admiration would soon be at an end.' "Telemachus wanted to know still more about "this interesting civilization and the arts that produced it, so he asked Narbal again by what means the Ty- reans had become so powerful at sea. To this query the captain answered: "We have the forests of Lebanon, which furnish sufficient timber for building ships, and we are careful to reserve it all for that purpose, never suffering a single tree to be felled but for the advancement of commerce; and we have a great number of our people very skilled in ship architecture; these are the gradual product of our own country. When those who excel in such arts are constantly and liberally rewarded, they will soon be practised in the greatest possible perfection, for persons of the highest ability will always apply them- selves to those arts by which great re- 59 wards are to be obtained. Our kings have bestowed rewards and. honors upon whoever excels in any art or science on which navigation depends, and_ skillful ship builders are not only well paid, but treated with deference by all the people, as on their work depends the welfare of our nation.' "T think the Great Teacher whom so many of us accept as the Lord and Master of the race must have known how good the king of Tyre was to the ship builders when..He said that it -- would be better for Tyre in the day of judgment than for the men of his generation; and for'#the same reason might we not say.that in the day ot judgment it will be better for the law- makers of ancient Tyre than for the gentlemen of this generation who sit for us in Washington and do nothing for the upbuilding of our over-sea commerce?" * 28 Book Reviews. The Steam Turbine. By James Ambrose Moyer New York. John Wiley & Sons. 6 x 9 inches. 370 pages, Illustrated. Cloth. Supplied by the Marine Review for $4. This book is an addition of distinct value to the literature on the subject The author has reversed the usual order of developing the subject, presenting first. the element- ary theory of heat and the problems of nozzle design. This is followed by a discussion of steam turbine types and blade design. In this manner the au- thor has presented the simpler problem first and, it seems to us, in the most logical order. The first chapter, which is entitled, "The Elementary Theory of Heat", discusses and explains in a sim- ple manner the entropy-temperature diagram. The treatment of this usually difficult subject is most lucid, and those who have had trouble with it can well afford to read this chapter of the book. The. "second. chapter | oy nozzle design presents numerous formulae as to the dimensions OL. nozzles and 'explains clearly the effect of variations in. the shape of a nozzle on the action of the steam passing through it. The = culations are carefully worked out ~ a form, which should prove of a value to the designer. Chapter IV dis- cusses the various types of steam tur- bines and distinguishes clearly between the impulse and the reaction turbine, of steam turbines. the action of the steam In the various parts being illustrated by means of ve- locity diagrams, the use of which is explained in connection with the lay- ing out of a turbine. Chapter VI dis- cusses the method of making steam turbine tests to reduce them to- standard conditions, while Chap- ter VII "is °"dévoted to 'iHiae- trations of commercial types of steam turbines. Complete installations, cross sections, details and economy curves of various types of turbines are illustrated, the principal attention being given to turbines of the Westinghouse-Parsons and Curtis types. The other types are discussed rather briefly. Methods of testing are briefly noted in Chapter XI, while steam turbine economics form the subject of Chapter XII. Chapter XIII is devoted to stresses in rings, drums and discs, while Chapter XIV treats of the subject of gas turbines. It is regrettable that an otherwise ex- 'cellent book should be marred by sucha "careless 'error'as the use of the plural noun "data" with the singular verb "is". This érror occurs a number of times throughout the work and should, be corrected "in the next edition. * Drawing Book for' 'Marine Engi- neers. By Alexander Norwell, B: Se. C. E, Pages, 96; size, 8%' by 11 ts. James Brown & Son, Glasgow: Price 2s 6d net. This book is a collection of draw- ¥