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the oiling arrangements or the gov- ernors, for properly meeting them. Stops from hot bearings were frequent and the governors were utterly in- adequate--when the load was suddenly thrown off the speed went up so high that the emergency trip was thrown in, closing the throttle, and stopping the machine entirely. Bad mechanical work was also found in various parts, with the final result that one turbine rotor went to pieces under the strain and was badly wrecked. This one had to be rebuilt and all the others overhauled and lined up as well. Then THE MarRING REVIEW the original ball governors were thrown away and hydraulic governors 'of the latest type fitted, and the oil- ing arrangements were completely re- modeled, new oil pumps with a pos- _itive mechanical drive from the tur- bine shaft itself being installed. All of this took a lot of time, but the final result has 'been satisfactory, and now the boats have demonstrated conclusively that they are ready for service at any instant and are able to steadily deliver 10,000 gallons of water a minute, at 150 Ibs. pressure, just as long as there is a entirely - x pound of coal left in the bunkers to keep up steam. In this they stand abso. lutely alone among the fire boats of the world, excepting two in New York and one just finished for the Mesaba Rail Road at Duluth, which have the same type of turbines and centrifugal pumps. All other fire boats in exist- ence, with reciprocating non-condens- ing pumps, use so much steam that it is impossible to get boilers enough in the boat to supply it, consequently, for any steady service, they can de- liver not much more than half their rated capacity in water pumped. * The Harbor of Portland, Oregon.' | ie "An 'Excellent Pedniple of the Beneficial Effects of the Efficient Municipal Improvement of an Inland Waterway--- A City, that Operates Dry Dock and Dredges. N THIS series of articles describ- ing the principal harbors of the forth Pacitic coast; it is: logical to begin with the Columbia river, Which tthe oldest, "in. "somie' re- pects Me "inost faimous, "and: in many ways the most unique har- bor on the western seaboard. Some years before Puget Sound was known to anything but Indian dugouts and an occasional trading ship and nearly half a century previous to the gold discoveries that made the Golden Gate. _a household word throughout Amer- ica, the Columbia river had been made the focus of national attention through the memorable expedition of Lewis and Clarke and the daring coloniza- tion exploits of John Jacob Astor. Mr. Astor, in founding the city of Astoria at the first convenient point within the bar, only 14 miles from the ocean, made the only natural assump- tion that the metropolis of the Co- lumbia would be at the point nearest the sea. But the demands of com- merce and development of the "In- land Empire" in eastern Washington and Oregon have decreed otherwise. Today the largest shipping port in the Columbia river basin is at Port- land, Ore., a city located 114 miles from the ocean and not even Situated on the Columbia river but on one of its tributaries, the Willamette. The disadvantages due to the interior lo- cation of Portland harbor have been in a large measure overcome through *First of a series of articles. describing suc- cessively the harbors of Portland,. Seattle, Ta- coma, Vancouver and Victoria, the activity of the citizens expressed in their corporate organization, the Port of Portland. This unique organ- ization has such a large share in the development of Portland harbor that we will examine it in detail later in this article. Geographical Location of Portland. 114 miles Of this distance 102 miles is on the Co- lumbia river and 12 miles on the Wil- lamette river. The mouth of the Co- lumbia is a wide estuary guarded at the entrance by a bar which is exceed- ingly rough and troublesome in bad weather but which at most times can be safely and easily navigated with the aid of a pilot. Except during the spring freshets the lower river is rath- er sluggish and is subject to tidal fluctuations as far up as Portland and Vancouver. At low water seasons the minimum natural depth of the Columbia river between Portland and the sea is about 12 feet, but through the efforts of the Port of Portland, working in con- junction with the United States engi- neers, a channel with a minimum depth of 25 feet at low water and a minimum width of 200 feet is main- tained at all times. Vessels of the largest draught operating on the Pa- cific coast are therefore able to pass freely to and from Portland without delay and with no necessity for light- ering. A project is now under way for the maintenance of a 30-foot chan- Portland by water. is southeast of the Pacific ocean: By H. Cole Estep. nel. The channel, as is seen from the accompanying map, Fig. 1, is quite straight and has no short, sharp turns; the channel is also well buoyed, light- ed, provided with ranges and equipped with fog signals, making it safe for navigation at all times. All the Year Navigation. The river is open for navigation throughout the entire year and_ be- cause of the mild climate detays or dangers to traffic on account of ice are of such rare ocurrence as to be practically negligible. Zero weather is unknown in the Columbia river val- ley. The port charges are therefore the same throughout the year and not higher in the winter as is the case with a number of Atlantic coast ports, notably New York. All vessels require the services of a pilot in crossing the bar. Sailing vessels must be towed between Port- land and the sea, but do not require river pilots, the tug masters perform- ing this duty. Most steam vessels employ river pilots between Astoria and Portland. Steamers can navigate and maneuver in the channel without the assistance of tugs. The Oregon bar pilot rates are $5 per foot of draught and 2 cents per registered ton for taking a ship over the bar in either direction; a 2,000-ton ship, draw- ing 15 feet, would pay $115 each way for bar pilotage. The river pilot charfes are $2 per foot of draught and 2 cents per registered ton meas- urement. The bar pilot charges are