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386 gondolas. The railroads do not now do the unloading, but supply the piers or docks and cars and do the switch- ing and the cargo is taken out by a stevedore, who supplies and operates his own rigs. Work is carried on night and day without interruption. New Equipment. The first step in the direction of improving dock equipment has been taken by the Philadelphia & Reading Tae Marine REVIEW Machinery Co., Cleveland, and will be electrically operated, the current being supplied from the power house shown at the head of the slip. In this type of plant, the operator travels with the trolley, and so. has the bucket under his eye at all times. The grab can be swiveled so as to dig under the edge of hatch and the length of boom is such as to reach the extreme outboard edge of the hatch of any probable ship, even with October, 1909 be erected on the new work. Fig. 5 shows a cross section of the new pier, from which it will be seen that the machines will span four tracks, giving double-track service for each. Ultimately, the north side of the old pier will probably also be rebuilt and extended in the same way. The construction, as will be noted, is of the most substantial and permanent na- ture. The present depth of water in the slips is about 26 feet, but in front Eie. 3--SWAYING THE in the rebuilding of its pier 14, at Port Richmond, and equipping it with two "Brownhoist" rigs, with five-ton buckets, which will have a capacity of 300 tons per hour each. As compared with the old rigs, therefore, the ap- parent reduction in time is as one to six, though it is very doubtful if this will be approximated with the usual type of ship. The new rig, shown In elevation..in. Fig. 6, is of the fast type as built by the Brown Hoisting hatches cut as usual on the lakes, In this, as well as in vertical clearance, the extreme probable development of ship has been anticipated. A 60-ton hopper is provided, which can be traversed over all four tracks to allow the unloading to proceed with- out interruption while switching is in progress. As shown by Fig. 4, pier 14 is be- ing widened and extended to a length of 764 feet, and the new rigs are to Bucket Over Car Into Position For DumMpPIiNc. of the new pier will be 30 feet at low tide. The mean tide range at Philadel- phia is 5 feet 4 inches. Itinerary Followed. The volume of trans-Atlantic ores is largely, if not wholly, dependent upon general ocean freight conditions. With freights in a normally healthy state, very little European or Mediterranean ore comes westward, but, when ocean freights are depressed, it is possible eh A a ta