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460 of a wire rope haulage device into the coal machines. The entire car is then elevated and loaded into the boat. _ The empty car then either passes around the end of the dock under the ore un- loading machines or from a _ kick-back trestle into the empty yards, their di- rection depending upon the supply of empties on hand to take care of the ore loading, The ore loads are pushed from under the ore machines around the end of the dock from the. 'ore loading yard and then made up into trains for the road. Fig. 3 shows the general arrangement of the docks of the Pennsylvania and Lake Shore rail- ways. . THE MARINE REVIEW | It will thus be seen that the Lake Shore and Pennsylvania systems have expended $8,500,000 for new equipment at the port of Ashtabula during the past four years, nearly trebling its ore handling capacity. The Great Lakes Engineering Works will add approxi- mately $1,000,000 to this in the con- struction of its plant. The decision of the Great Lakes En- gineering Works to locate at this point is the outcome of many conferences between the Lake Shore and Pennsyl- vania officials, the chamber of com- merce of Ashtabula and President An- tonio C. Pessano of the Great Lakes Engineering Works. Transmission of Intelligence on Steam Vessels. By H. A. Hornor, Electrical Engineer, New York Ship Building Co. IV. Of all essential matters in battleship design that of properly controlling the fire of the guns is without question the most important. A battleship is primar- ily a fighting machine, the necessity of so controlling the gun fire as to obtain the greatest possible efficiency. This subject of fire-control has called forth every consideration by the naval authorities, and investigation, experiment and money have not been spared in providing the most reliable systems suggested. Every idea that was worthy of a passing notice has been given due e¢rial and the _ liberal spirit of the government today would gladly respond to any -- suggestions whereby greater improvements would result. To clearly understand the ar- rangements now provided on the latest battleship designs some reference must be made to the arrangement of com- partments and the disposition of 'the guns. The design of recent battleships has been rightly dubbed the "all big gun" type. Our most powerful battle- - ships, those of over 21,000 tons dis- placement, carry five turrets, containing two 12-in. guns in each turret. Two are located forward, one raised slightly above the other, and three aft, two on the same level and are slightly raised above them. The 5-in. guns used for defense against the attacks of torpedo 'boats, are distributed at important points on the gun deck. The range, deflection and battle orders for these guns are communicated solely by telephones, as referred to in the description of the telephone system. Not only are the 12-in. turret guns supplied with tele- phones for this purpose, but also with special instruments for visually pre- and therefore senting the range, deflection and battle orders continuously before the sight- setters and gun trainers. Watching the Shots. The orders all emanate from what are called sub-stations, compartments well below the protective deck and water-line, sheltered in every possible way from hostile shell. The range- finding instruments are located in lofty towers, one forward and one aft, with their respective "spotters" and range officers. The spotters, watching each 'shot as it falls and gaging the range and deflection, communicate directly with the sub-stations by means of the telephone. The range and deflection transmitters in the sub-stations are im- mediately called into operation and in turn send forth to each gun the prop- er order. The problem contains anoth- er factor. In naval warfare both par- ties to the conflict are in motion, and by virtue thereof the range is constantly varying. For this condition there is provided in the sub-stations a range clock carrying a rate of change disc, by means of which the rate of change of range may at all times be marked. This range clock has a maximum read- ing of 14,000 yds. When the shot- spotter reports from the fire-control tower, the rate of change of range is' set on the clock. The clock continues then to mark off regular ranges which through the proper official, are then communicated by the range _ transmit- ters to the guns. Deflections are noted by the same shot-spotter and in the same way transmitted through the sub- station to the. guns. Deflections are measured in yards up to a maximum of 100. Formerly zero was arbitrarily November, 1909 taken at the center, which required the further designation of right or left deflection. By assuming 50 yds. as the zero deflection any number below 50 indicates right and any number above 50 indicates left deflection. Bunching the Hits. The cause for all this care in firing guns originates from the desideratum of "bunching" the hits. When several guns are firing particularly in range and their shots are dispersed, poor hitting ensues. Therefore such fire- control systems are important and _ nec- essary in that they maintain all the sights of the guns set alike while in the act of firing. Two systems for accomplishing this requirement have been experimented with and have shown about equal advantage and disadvantage from a practical standpoint. It is un- necessary to elaborate a description of either system, suffice it to say that one system is designed on the simple in- candescent lamp principle, and the oth- er on a system of magnets in con- junction with the ratchet-motion es- capements. In the former indications are produced by illuminating numbers by 5-candle power lamps; in the latter the range and deflection numbers re- volve by increments of 50 yds. for range and unit increments for deflec- tion. The latter instruments, though rectangular instead of round, resemble in their movements the familiar fare registers which are seen in all trolley cars. This system provides also for the repetition of the signal after it has been conveyed to the gun at the sending station, Ready means are also provided for cutting out the instru- ments which may become deranged with- out affecting the other instruments on the system. This reply or checking feature is convincingly accomplished in the lamp-pattern design by introducing similar indicators at the sending sta- tion connected in series with the indi- cators at the guns. The transmitters in both systems, though the instruments are dissimilar in outward design, are in principle merely switches for closing the desired circuits. The essential dif- ference between the lamp-pattern. and the electro-magnet systems is that the former is purely an electric contact method and the latter an electro-me- chanical method. Fire-Control System. The vital importance which attaches to this fire-control system is shown by the regard with which it is installed. With all these instruments located behind and below armor, in the event that the fire-control towers be completely de- molished, communication can be trans-