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February, 1910 along the shores of Alameda, Contra Costa and Marin counties to Lime Point on the north shore of the Golden Gate, - every mile is suitable and available for commercial and industrial purposes. -The city of San Francisco, situated on the ""TAE Marine. REVIEW per hour. The average current in the Gate is about 2 knots per hour. Improvements to the Bay of San Fran- cisco, made by the United States Gov- ernment in the interests of navigation and commerce, include the removal from Fig 3--CHANNEL STREET, OUTER WHARVES. peninsula on the south side of the en- trance to the bay, has within its city and county limits a water frontage on the bay about 10 miles in length from the Presidio to the San Mateo County. If the measurements be made along the shore line to include the channels and basins, South Basin, India Basin, Islais Creek, Central Basin and Channel street, the water front has an aggregate length of 13 miles. The total available water front of 100 miles in San Francisco Bay alone, no point of which is more than an hour's ride from the center of the city by local. steamer, is ample for the needs of the present century. When this shore line is occupied, there will be yet available in San Pablo and Suisun bays over 50 miles of shore line that can be used without extensive dredging. A com- paratively moderate sum _ spent for dredging in San Pablo Bay would add another 50 miles to the available shore lands, making a grand total inside the Golden Gate and so situated as to be of possible commercial service of over 200 miles.. Moderate Tidal Range. The range of tides at San Francisco is very moderate, the average rise and fall being but 4.3. feet. Tidal currents in the Bay are not swift enough to be any menace to shipping. The currents in the Golden Gate, however, are some- times severe. On ebb tides, with favor- able wind, the currents in the Gate reach frequently a velocity of 5 knots the harbor of obstructions known as Blossom Rock, Shag Rock, Arch Rock and Rincon Rock, and the establishment of light and fog signals at the entrance and inside the harbor. Both the Bonita channel and the main ship channel are thoroughly buoyed. The entrance to the harbor is protected by fortifications of the most modern type. Estimates of the cost of removing two rocks known as Sears Rock and Centissima Rock on the east side of Bonita Channel and alsu of two small rocks inside the harbor near Mission Rock and known as Mis- 49 quinez Strait with Suisun Bay, which is 10 miles long and from 5 to 6 miles wide. Into the head of Suisun Bay empty the two largest rivers in Cali- fornia, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin. Through San Pablo Bay there is a navigable channel dredged 23% ft. deep and 300 ft. wide. The channel is marked by nine black buoys and connects deep water in the southern end of San Pablo Bay with deep water in Carquinez Strait. This channel is used by all deep water vessels approaching Suisun Bay or Mare Island Navy Yard. Silt brought down by the rivers makes constant dredging necessary to keep this channel clear. Through Carquinez Strait the channel has a minimum width of half a mile and a depth of from 7 to 14 fathoms. In Suisun Bay the channel has a least navigable depth of 13 ft. at low tide. The Sacramento river is navigable throughout the year to Red Bluff, a dis- tance of 262 miles, and the San Joaquin 'is always navigable to Stockton, about 40 miles above its mouth and_ occa- sionally to Fireboughs, 100 miles further up the river. In San Francisco proper, the area, in which wharves may be built, is limited in length by that of the shore line of the bay in the county (about 10 miles), and in width by the distance between the established harbor lines, known re- spectively as the bulkhead or _ sea-wall line and the pierhead line. These lines were recommended by the state harbos commissions and received the final ap- proval of the War Department. The bulkhead line is the one to which solid filling from the shore is permitted and on which about two miles of sea-wall has been constructed. Its general loca- . ition kihdeatee OD Fic. 4--"Star oF SCOTLAND," ONE oF THE LAST OF THE AMERICAN CiLippER SHIPS LEAVING THE GOLDEN GATE. sion Bay Rock and Sonoma Rock, re- spectively, have been made. San Pablo Bay, which is a continua- | tion of San Francisco Bay to the north, is 14 miles in length and about 12 in width. It is in turn connected by Car- tion is in water varying from 10 to 24 ft. in depth. Between the bulkhead line and the high water or shore line, there was originally about 2,500 acres of sub- merged land, all of which was divided into city blocks and streets and sold