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November, 1910 creased support given the pile through- out its entire length. There is a third advantage in casting the pile in place. With both wooden and "ready made" concrete piles there remained considerable material above the ground to be removed after the pile had been driven to its entire DeposiTING BucKET, Just RAISED FROM BoTTOM OF SHELL. depth. The removal of this material was expensive from the standpoint of wasted material, labor involved and loss of time. This expense has been done. away with by simply stopping the formation of the pile when the proper grade has been reached. ea SHELL OPEN AND CoRE REMOVED. -An improved type of concrete pile and "former" has been designed by the Portland Concrete Pile & Equipment Co., of Portland, Ore. and is shown in the accompanying figures. The "former" consists of a structural steel core incased in two semi-circular steel shells hinged together on their side, "TAE MarRINE. REVIEW and having an opening on the opposite side, covered by a closure plate. The pile former is driven into the earth by a steam hammer, or other method of pile driving, to a depth to conform with the architect's plans and specifications. The core is withdrawn as the hammer is hoisted, being direct- ly secured to the hammer. After be- ing raised sufficiently to clear the "former" a quantity of wet concrete is deposited in the shell by means of a bottom dump. bucket. The shell is then withdrawn for a short distance and the concrete thoroughly rammed into the surrounding earth. A second bucket of concrete is introduced, the shell is drawn a short distance and the concrete is again rammed.' This oper- ation is repeated until the shell is en- tirely withdrawn and the pile is com- pleted. 441 The earth surrounding each pile has been compressed by the driving of the tapering former. As the concrete has been thoroughly rammed, this pile cements itself to the surrounding earth, increasing the skin friction to a maximum and distributing the load along the entire length of the pile. As described in THe Marine Review of July, 1910, San Francisco has made the first step on the Pacific coast tow- ard permanent wharf construction in the completion of the concrete piers 38 and 40 at the foot of First street. Other cities on the Pacific coast are now considering the erection of con- crete piers. First among these is Portland, Ore., where tentative plans have been drawn for a number of per- manent concrete wharves under the direction of the port of Portland. Pacific Coast News | HE first submarine signal bells to be installed on coastwise mer- chant vessels were tried out re- cently on the steamship President, of the Pacific Coast Steamship Co., under the command of Capt. H. C. Thomas. Capt. Thomas states he was able to catch the signals from Unmitalla reef at a distance of about seven miles. The government, some time since, equipped a number of lightships and signal stations with submarine bells, - but the merchant vessels are just real- izing their value. 'The submarine bell will do much to prevent the numerous casualties on Puget Sound due to fog and silent zones. The Marine and Fisheries department of the Dominion of Canada has an- nounced the following aids to naviga- tion that will be established in British Columbia waters: Gas beacon on Mary Ann Point, Active Pass; gas beacon for Camp Point or Helmcken Island, John- son Strait; acetylene light on 13-foot rock off Crane Islands; white beacon on point of Denny Island, opposite Serp- ent Point, Lama Passage; gas beacon and bell on Camp Island, Lama Passage; beacon on north extreme of White Cliff Island, Arthur Passage; lighthouse and fog signal marking Holland Island, out- side Prince Rupert harbor; beacon and bell buoy at Spire ledge, Prince Rupert harbor; gas beacon on Low Islands, at entrance to Selwyn inlet, Queen Char- lotte Islands. Capt. T. H. Alcock, who was ap- pointed master at Prince Rupert harbor on that port being proclaimed a public harbor, has taken up his work. The limits defined for the northern harbor include all waters east of a line drawn from Ryan Point-to Enfield Rock, thence south to Kinahan Islands and then southeast to Lulu Island. ¢ Capt. Emil Francke, superintendent of the Pacific Coast Steamship Co., one of the most experienced shipping men on Puget Sound, has resigned. E. L. McNoble, chief stevedore, at San Fran- cisco, has been appointed to succeed Capt. Francke at Seattle. Mr. Noble is well known, having been for years pilot and master for the California Transportation Co., and recently assist- ant to Capt. I. N. Hibberd, the San Francisco superintendent. The steamer Princess Adelaide, built for the Canadian Pacific Railway Co., for service between Vancouver and Vic- toria, B. C., will arrive on Puget Sound about the first of December. She was built at the Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., on the Clyde, and is being brought out by way of Vincent, Montevideo and Coronel. On her trial trip she made 18.25 knots, the contract speed being 17 knots. She is a single- screw steamer, 290 ft. long, 46-ft. beam, and 17 ft. deep, built of steel through- out with cellular double bottom and seven transverse bulkheads. The steam- er is fitted with 118 staterooms, and will have a grill room and restaurant in addition to the regular dining room. The social halls are finished in maho- gany and the dining room in walnut. The propelling engine is of triple ex- pansion type, developing about. 4,000 horsepower. Steam is supplied with four boilers, each 15 ft. 3 in. diameter and 12 ft. long, equipped with Howden's