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oe THE MARINE REVIEW considering the whole matter, is that as the author says, is consideration of further enclosed docks are to be built. The key-note of the whole situation, the service to be performed, and the the co-operation of all concerned, civil February, 1912 engineers, mechanical and naval en- gineers, and port and harbor authori-. ties, so as to get the best results. New Ore Loading Docks ESSE L : owners failed to discount sufficiently the re- markable development in loading and_ unloading appliances on the lakes and found themselves quite suddenly with a surplus of ships on their hands. This development has been phenomenal and during the past year or two millions have been spent in modernizing the shipping and_ receiving docks. 'This article will have to do with the de- velopment that has re- cently taken place in docks for loading ore. When navigation opens. in the spring, mariners will find a new dock at Presque Isle, Lake Superior, not the largest by any means, but one of the most efficient. This new dock be- longs to the Lake Superior & Ish- peming Railway Co., and work upon it was begun on March 29 last. The dock proper fas a length' of 1,200 f and with its approach is 1,873" ft: long. There are 200 pockets, 100 on each side, spaced 12 ft. centers with a capacity of 250 tons each, making the storage capacity of the dock 50,- 000 tons. Its maximum shipping ca- pacity in a full season is estimated at 3,000,000 tons. These docks are in- tended to ship and not to store ore and therefore storage capacity is small in relation to shipping capacity. The dock is built upon wooden piles (A Fig. 1) which were driven 3 4%. centers and cut 4 in. below the water line. Sheet piling was placed oucside and the enclosure filled with sand to within 6 in. of the top of the piles. This was covered with a 214-ft. concrete slab reinforced with 1%:-in. cables. The concrete piers extend 1% ft. below and 5 ft. above water level. The method of setting the steel columns in the concrete piers was quite simple, the columns being erected on the piers and the concrete simply poured around them. Fig. 1D shows. the abrupt slant of the ore pockets and with such pitch there is little likelihood of the ore jamming. In fact, the height of wa- ter level to hinge of spout is 43 ft., making a most precipitous incline. The spouts are 36 ft. long, 9 ft. wide STEAMER THomMAS LYNCH AT THE GREAT NorTHERN ORE Docx at top and 4% ft. wide at bottom. The detail of the steel work is well shown in Fig. 1B. Fig. 1C shows the top of the' dock" before' the' deck planking was laid. About 14,500 cu, yds. of concrete were used in the substructure. and 20,000' cu. yds. in the superstructure. About 5,000 tons of steel were used in the dock prop- er, and about 1,500 tons in the ap- proach: trestle. The Raymond .Con- crete. Pile Co., W. V. -McMerriman, chief engineer, built the substructure The Wisconsin Bridge & Iron Coa., J. W. Marlborough, chief engineer, fur- nished the steel and erected the super- structure... R. C. .Young,.chiet engin- eer of the Lake Superior & Ishpem- ing Railway Co., represented the own- ers in the construction of the dock. New Dock at Two Harbors. The Duluth & Iron Range railway (one of the Steel Corporation's rail- ways. to the iron mines) has recently completed at Two Harbors a new steel and concrete dock to replace the old wooden one. It is interesting to note that these' loading docks have undergone a fundamental change since the first little trestle dock with its pockets and chutes- was erected at Marquette. The principle remains the same and all improvements have merely been enlargements' and the utilization of later agencies for power, such as electricity. The new dock, Known as' No. ¥, consists of three parts, a timber ap- proach 225 ft. long, a steel approach Seo tt, tong and' 'the dock proper, which, is,.L3/0. [1,19 leneth,..51 46.8 im..in width, exclusive of the machinery platforms, and. ./4 ft, in height above the mean water level of Lake Superior. There are 112 ore pock- ets on each side and the structure is designed to load four of the largest boats at one time. The dock is sup- ported on piles sur- mounted by a reinforced concrete cap. The posts, girders' and general frame work supporting and enclosing the ore pockets, are structural steel, and the partitions between the bins are reinforced concrete. This latter fea- ture constitutes one of the chief char- acteristics of the structure. The bottoms and fronts of the bins are of wood on steel framing and the slope of. the Ore pockets is 48 degrees from hori- zontal, being three degrees steeper than in other docks constructed by this company, and materially assisting the flow of ore. Electric hoists are used for raising and lowering the ore spouts instead of the. hand-operated winches, which have been exclusively employed here- tofore. The use of power for. this purpose will be greatly appreciated. In addition the dock is provided with an improved chute equipped with doors which are guided at the bot- tom. and which can, if necessary, De Closed againeh the flow of ore without difficulty. This is certainly an innovation which masters will be thankful for. Irequently they have had to take more ore than they wanted in certain parts of the boat, owing to inability to stop the flow. The general features of this dock are shown in Fig, 2. vessel The timber approach, which is 225 ft. long, consists of 14 bents spaced 15 ft. centers and framed in the usual manner with suitable longitudinal bracing. The bents are supported on piles.. The tracks, two in number, are carried "on 'S x 16 th. stringers laid on the caps. The ties are sawed 8 x 8 Im. in section and 14 ft. long. The first three bents at' the inner end of the timber approach are set on a 9- @egreé)) 80-minute curve and the bal-~