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98 THE MARINE REVIEW Driving 30-Fr. The first work done in the con- struction of the dock was to manu- facture the concrete piles. The piles, oc- tagonal in shape, reinforced with eight l-in, steel rods, securely bound with 3g-in. steel rods, were cast vertically in steel forms, a cast iron shoe being fitted part of the finished pile: A .1:2:4 mixture of both gravel and broken stone was used. All material enter- ing into the construction of the piles was received in cars and handled bv locomotive cranes. As most of the piles were made during January, Feb- ruary and March, the materials as well as well as the finished piles, were kept. licated: For heating «the ~ ma- terials tunnels formed by _ interlock- ing steel sheet piling were placed under the piles of sand, gravel and broken stone, and steam pipes were placed in the elevated bin used in CONCRETE PiLES IN STRUTS torm. A March, 1912 connection with the mixture. The water was also kept heated by a steam pipe. After the forms were filled they were laid on skids covered with tarpaulin and live steam was allowed to circulate around them. The forins were removed in from 12 to 24 hours after pouring, depending on the weather, but the piles were képt covered and heated for a considerable time after the forms had been re- moved. The steel forms for the piles were held upright in front of a timber tower, within which a concrete hoist operated, bringing the mixed con- crete from the mixer on the ground to a hopper above the mouth of the locomotive crane handled the forms and the finished piles in the ooeration of casting. The num- ber of octagonal piles manufactured was 625 in the 40-ft. length, 2,647 in the 30-ft. length, and 120 each of the 24-ft. and 20-ft. lengths. There were in addition 932 24-ft. 10 x 12 in. into the form and becoming THE THe Hutetr UNLOADERS AND ORE BRIDGE Dock FAcE sheet piles and 210 28-ft. sheet piles of the same section. Each pile was numbered and a record kept of the date of manufacture, so as to guard against any pile being driven before it was at least 30 days' old. The driving, however, was delayed by ice conditions and no trouble, there- fore, was experienced with green piles. Piles ready for use were loaded into scows by a locomotive crane and were towed to the site where they were driven by floating pile drivers. mo particular device being used to protect the head of the piles other than an oak driving block. The ma- jority of the piles were put down without a great deal of hammering, but there was an occasional tough customer. For instance, a 30-ft. pile required lil blows of a 5,000-Ib.