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June, 1912 heavy concrete foundations laid on piles driven to 3-ft. centers with retaining walls of concrete. The walls in them- selves form an outside tank with a 10 per cent greater capacity than the steel tanks. The pump house is also of con- crete. This plan insures a maximum degree of safety from leaks and fires and has not affected the company's in- surance rate or that of surrounding property. The company has signed a favorable contract calling for a con- stant supply of oil of the requisite quality. Speaking of fuel oil and dis- cussing the reasons why his company adopted its use, Capt. C. H. Nicholson,' manager of the Grand Trunk Pacific steamships, had the following to say: "Some of the problems of each in- THE MARINE REVIEW plates, rakés, slice bars and other equip- ment are eliminated. Charges for Boiler Maintenance "It has been the experience also of ship owners, who have changed from coal to oil, that charges for boiler maintenance have practically disappeared. The constant opening of furnace doors for firing up, and the time required to close fires on account of the large amount of ashes and clinkers, with the consequent inrush of cold air, and -the resultant lowering of furnace tempera- ture, cause an immense amount of con- traction and expansion. This cannot but have a serious effect on joints and riv- ets, and as a consequence, a large un- 1 BUD 18 fires and have an easy time, whereas with coal, 18 firemen and six to nine trimmers would constitute the stokehold crew of such a ship and they would earn their money, too. The difficulty of securing so large a crew of efficient firemen is very often a serious one. This is greatly lessened with oil, as its use does not require nearly so many nor any more skillful men, and the. cleanliness and lightness of the work appeal to them. Crews are easier to keep and are more useful on that ac- count. "Because of the absence of smoke, -- cinders and coal dust, oil-burning ships are not only cleaner, but the supplies for scrubbing and painting are much less, and while the economies from *"CLASS SMOKE LADIES ROOM 4S" CLASS DINING SALOON TEERING GEAR INSULATED STORES PEAK N26 TANK TER BALLAST fw ENGINE HATCH ENG/NE ROOM OrNnNAMo ROOM Me Serres 80/1 EM "on ele ga al ols chs INBOARD PROFILE 2 Cass ACCOMODATIONS N22 CARGO TWEEN OECKS t N22 CARGO HOLO FICERS HOUSE RYATION ROOM CLASS SMOKE x N?/ TANK CARGO OR WATER BALLA 7 MESS CARGO OR 2™°CLASS = GALLEY moe ons is wANO BOILER FAN BOILER | oar! 1°' CLASS DINING SALOON : ee EV GENE iy BN Bree fazed ne HATCH oom HATCH Leoord HATCH | PANTRY lEeWGiwedaes h MAIN DECK ey ace eee [arregreak N26 TANK Ew [is ie TANKS io 1 ey --e 2 --~. ENG'!NE_ROOM* \ \ LBO/LER| tire HOL N92 TANK STAR 804k Nee TANK PORT INBOARD PROFILE, MAIn DecK AND HoLtp PLANS OF THE dividual case are: The advantages to be gained in economy and _ efficiency; the abundance of the supply, means of securing proper delivery, storage facil- ities and convenience in fueling ships; 'quantities requiring to be carried, loca- tion of proper storage on board, trim and stability, fresh water. storage, etc.; the system of oil burners to be adopted, which is an important item. "Enumerated briefly, the advantages gained in the use of oil as fuel as against coal are: The quantity required to perform the same service is_ less both in weight and the space occupied with a proportionate decrease in fuel bills. This is particularly true on the Pacific coast, where the supply is abund- ant and coal is somewhat limited in quantity, high in price and of compar- atively poor fuel value. Expenses such as renewing grate bars, stoke hold floor necessary expense for repairs, to say nothing of the rapid deterioration of the plant, with the ultimate necessity of replacing the boilers long before their time. I have known ships to carry a gang of boiler makers trip after trip and when laid off for overhaul, the principal expense would be boiler re- pairs. One superintendent engineer, whose fleet made long off-shore voyages, told me it used to be a regular thing to have boiler makers await the ship's arrival in port, but since his line adopted oil fuel, he 'had not seen a _ boiler maker.' "Another most important economy is the reduction in the number of firemen and trimmers required, with a conse- quent lowering in the payroll and cost of subsistence. One man of ordinary intelligence on a watch in oil burning ships with single stoke hold will tend PRINCE RUPERT such sources are difficult to calculate, they are appreciable nevertheless. "In point of efficiency the advantages are quite as marked. The calorific value of oil far exceeds that of coal. After deducting the percentage of moisture and ash from coal, the latter from experience having been found to run as high as 20 per cent and 25 per cent, the average run of coal will be found to represent 7,000 to 9,500 b. t. u.'s, whereas oil will give as high as 18,500 b.t.u.'s. The combustion of coal is most incomplete with very high stack temperatures, while with oil combustion it is practically perfect, and stack tem- peratures of from 400 degrees to 450 degrees Fahr., are easily obtained. Boil- er efficiency (under coal usually about 57 per cent) is in consequence increased to something over 80 per cent, especially where Howden's forced draught in-