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188 and a 10-in. steam whistle, which so disturbed the citizens of Buffalo that the government was persuaded to build a deflector to the landward, which sent practically the whole sound out over the waters and relieved the ears of the land dwellers. The fog signal of 1914, a diaphone, is the first of its kind in this country, the most modern and effective sound producer yet devised for this purpose. It is in type like a reciprocating siren and emits a sound that is highly char- acteristic and peculiar. For a foundation the crib under the old lighthouse has been used. It is of wood filled with stone, extend- ing down to the solid rock. The new THE MARINE REVIEW construction began 4 ft. below the water line and concrete blocks weigh- ing 15 tons each were first placed, to bring the structure above the lake level. From this point massive con- crete walls enclosing the lower part of the steel work extend up to the main deck. A Fine-Looking Building 'A structural steel frame forms the skeleton of the building. This is faced with buff brick, trimmed with granite in order to be a distinctive landmark by day. In every respect this $60,000 building is thoroughly modern and up to date. The windows and doors are protected by steel shut- May, 1914 ters, for experience teaches that the water, at times, will be dashed clear over the top. The interior is finisheq in white, enameled brick for the most part, with hardwood floors. It con- tains the office, watchrooms, engine. room, three bedrooms, a kitchen, sey- eral storerooms and two bathrooms, with running, soft, hot and cold wa- ter, The work was designed and _ in- spected by Watts D. Gardner, super- intendent, under the direction of Ros- coe House, inspector of the tenth lighthouse district. Lupfer & Remick, consulting and contracting engineers, of Buffalo, were the general tractors. con- Lake Carriers' Night Schools The Schools Established for the Jratraction of the Men Were Well Attended and Will Be Continued URING the past winter the Lake Carriers' Association con- ducted schools at Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Marine City and Duluth for the benefit of the men aboard ship. A meeting of the in- structors of the schools was held in the quarters of the Lake Carriers' Association, Rockefeller building, Cleveland, to report upon the season's work and to outline plans for the fu- ture. Harry Stone, chief engineer of the steamer Joshua W. Rhodes, had charge of the school at Marine City, _H. R. Smallenburg at Buffalo, George A. Green at Cleveland, A. B. Moehl- mann at Detroit, and Miss Anna Meinhart at Duluth. E. C. Collins, chairman of the educational committee of the Lake Carriers' Association, presided at the meeting and invited J. H. Sheadle, who has been intimately identified with the welfare work of the association, to address the in- structors. Make Licensed Officers Mr. Sheadle stated that the things that they were doing were working in the minds of men all over the world to the end that there might be an improvement in material things. It had been thought wise to attempt some work along educational lines, and the schools established had been the outgrowth of that idea. It was not the expectation that any extrava- gant ambition would be realized, but that the work might eventually lead to the increase in the number of men desiring to seek positions as licensed officers aboard ship. The schools were intended to help them along in 'rested their 'specie work." Each: of 'the teachers then related his experiences during the winter. A very rare and noble quality was developed in the work' of "Harry Stone. Never having had a day's schooling himself, he was led into teaching in the hope that he might help those who were similarly handi- capped. Though he has regularly sailed the lakes for 50 years, he has been a teacher for over 40. He said that he had 37 students during the winter, and 14 had obtained licenses. - He dwelt upon the importance of in- significant incidents in teaching, illustrat- ing his meaning by saying that in a class in writing he formed the capitals of Cleveland and Ohio backwards on the blackboard, and was surprised in looking over the papers after the school had adjourned to find that several of the pupils had covered pages of the paper with these capital letters all written backwards. In other words, the incident had ar- their attention and had ex- cited interest. In addition to teach- ing evenings he also gave up his af- ternoons to individual instruction of those pupils who seemed most eager to learn. In answer to question from Mr. Collins, he said that he could take the average oiler employed on Jake boats and with two months time, ~ provided he applied himself, fit him to pass an examination for license as engineer. "I greatly appreciate the unselfish interest that the Lake Carriers' Asso- ciation is taking in the men," said he. "In improving them mentally you are not only improving them financially, but also in a moral and social way. It is in my judgment far better than _ profit-sharing." He could not help contrasting pres- ent conditions aboard ship with those which obtained when he began sailing as an engineer on the steam barge Trader, running from Bay City to Toledo. When he wanted to sleep he wrapped his coat about him and lay down on top of the boiler. Today every possible comfort, including pri- vate bath, is provided. Miss Anna Meinhardt, of Duluth, related the experiences of the Duluth school during the winter. The at- tendance began with 12 and gradually increased. In common with all the Other instructors she found that arith- metic was easy and grammer difficult. She felt that a course of lectures once a week might help in increasing the interest of the pupils. She also thought that the average book on arithmetic contained a great deal of matter of no possible use to the pu- pils, and thought that it might be wise to' compile an arithmetic for the exclusive use of the students. A Big Class H. R. Smallenburg, of Buffalo, had a class averaging 35 or 40. There was a wide difference in the needs of the men attending this school. Sev- eral of them could neither read nor write, while others might easily have been prepared for licenses. He said that the percentage of illiteracy in the United States is greater than that of any other country, and that usually the foreign element that apply for in- struction, if unable to speak English,