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The Engineer's Part The Problem of Port Development as it Presents Itself to the Engineer come from the people of Balti- more and the Engineers' Club of Baltimore to members of the Nation- al Association of Port Authorities and guests, and particularly so at this time when we are celebrating the 100th 'anniversary of the bombardment of Fort McHenry and the writing of the inspiring "Star Spangled Banner". | IS a pleasure to extend a wel- I am addressing you as an asso- ciate member; one who is interested in your purposes and work. My subject is "The Engineer's Part in Port Development". It should be entitled "An Engineer's Thought on Some Parts of Port Development and Its Problems". From the nature of the construction for port development an engineer is selected to design, over- see and superintend the physical con- struction of piers, docks, the dredg- ing and various other works which pertain to the port, but I would like to impress upon you the importance of calling upon him for consultation on the larger aspect of port develop- ment. From the engineer's very train- ing, they have been spending their lives in trying to sift the wheat from the chaff, get at the realities and to see things as they are, for the purpose of accomplishing results. I am connected in an official capaci- ty. with the Baltimore & Ohio rail- road, and we are intimately a part of the life of Baltimore, which city indeed gave our company birth, and thereby became the first city in the country to meet the problems of in- terchange facilities for rail and water- borne traffic. It would be a pleasure to discuss with you many questions we are meeting locally, but will re- frain, except to say that I heartily concur in the necessity for the com- pletion of the 35-foot channel and for the construction of a ship canal from the Chesapeake to the Delaware, so that my remarks will be general, and simply a statement of my personal opinion, for whatever value it may be to you in your efforts to crystallize certain principles of port development and administration. A port is that part of a large city Association Md., Sept. National Baltimore, read_ before Authorities, *Paper of Port &, 1914, By Francis Lee Stuart, Chief Engineer Baltimore & Ohio Railroad which is used for a terminal for water and rail and other transportation agencies. { Port Intimately Associated ith * City The port is so intimately connected with the city itself that the harbor section cannot be separated from the general problems of municipal growth, except possibly as to its finances, and must be subordinated and become only a part of the general municipal - policy. Aside from the many minor -- influences on its development the two predominating influences in the proper solution to increase its efficiency for the comfort, convenience and pleasure of the community, and economy of service to the business and manufac- The port is so intimately con- nected with the city itself that the harbor section cannot be separated from the general problems of mu- nicipal growth, except possibly as to its finances, and must be subor-_ dinated and become only a part of the general municipal policy. Aside from the many minor influences on its development the two predomin- ating influences in the proper solu- tion to increase its efficiency for the comfort, convenience and pleasure of the community, and economy of service to the business and manu- facturing interests are the water transportation interests and rail transportation interests. turing interests are the water trans- portation interests and rail transpor- tation interests. Both of these transportation inter- ests carry passengers, freight for local zones adjacent to and within truckage distance of a terminal, package freight for trans-shipment and bulk freight for trans-shipment. In the matter of passenger travel, the movement of people from one sec- tion to another tends to a national spirit, a unity of thought, a greater degree of education and cultivation, an increase in business, an _ inter- change between sections and the hap- piness and contentment of the people, and there is no more important civic matter for the comfort and growth of a community than that the dis- tributing points for travel to and from a city should be so located that access to and from the homes and offices of the community should be with the least expenditure of time and energy in proportion to the length of the trip undertaken. Generally speaking, travel by rail far exceeds the amount of travel by water, and the railroad trip is a matter of hours while the water trip is a matter of days. Unless there are special condi- tions, the two interests do not com- pete, and one is forced to seek the waterfront and the other is. usually located near the center of the city. Freight for local zones had former- ly, on the part of the water interests, been merely transfer of cargo be- tween water crafts and horse-drawn vehicles. Economies required by com- petition have reduced these zones within the section of industrial utili- 'ties to a trucking distance of one or two miles, and evolution of the' effi- ciency of pier use and the size df ves- sels caused a demand that this effec- tive zone of influence should be in- creased by connection with rail inter- ests, so that the other industrial zonés of the city may be reached econom- ically. On the railroad side, their en- trance into a city and lines through a city have caused industrial zones to arise, which are served by local freight stations, and they have no de- sire for. piers of this character except in zones along the harbor, which they are unable, for financial reasons, to serve by their own rails. When they do use pier space for: this purpose, with their own water equipment, 100 per cent of the business passing through such a pier is for the con- venience of the immediate industrial zone around that pier. Package freight for the prompt dis- patch and economical handling de- manded by commerce, requires rail connection for the transfer of cargo between vessel and car, and where the larger part of the cargo is of this character the ship must seek such a pier. : Bulk freight for trans-shipment, such as coal, ore, grain, lumber, etc., require certain kinds of equipment on land and water, are trans-shipped at >