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December, 1914 close punched and ordinary 867 tons. The assuming of 25 tons per square inch may be high for the close punch- ing for watertight work but it is near enough for practical purposes. The plating inway of the bulkhead could be made slightly thicker which would serve the same purpose as the doubling plate which will be considered later on. The table herewith shows the calcu- lation for the neutral axis and moment THE MARINE REVIEW and recklessly endangered the lives of all who travel on the sea. "In these circumstances, having re- gard to the.great interests intrusted to the British navy, to the safety of peace- ful commerce on the high seas, and to the maintenance within the limits of in- ternational law of trade between neutral countries, the Admiralty feel it neces- sary to adopt exceptional measures, ap- propriate to the novel conditions under which this war is being waged. of inertia for the transverse framed "They therefore give notice that the vessel according to a seven diameter whole of the North Sea must be con- pitch of riveting. Area of C.G: Section above Products Items. A. keel. Moments. h h2 A x h? Keel; plate <2. 10.54 0.02 Ze 10 6.04 36.48 3814. 49 Beowsprake Shes ie 18.45 0.10: 1.84 5.96 35:52 655.34 Gur Stra ke aoe sneer ee 17.99 0.10 1.80 5.96 BO 502 749 .00 De strake ose ae 18.45 0.27 4.98 5.79 SOL Oe 618.44 Wyosstrake oes ae te 17.99 0.30 53:39 5.76 SOce 596.74 B eotrake se 2 Oe 18.45 0275 13.83 Sol 28.19 520.10 Center, girder 206 oe 20.70 L250 Oo. 05 4.55 20.70 428.49 Trtercostal. cirder. 2255.02. 2.30 1.60 3.68 4.45 19.80 45.54 Intercostal 'girder' .0.8 55. : 2.30: 1.70 3.91 4.35 18.92 43.51 Wank top rider enc eo Ss 3.08 15.80 2.97 8.82 45.24 dank top: a strake... e073. 14.64 3.09 44.65 3.01 9.06 132.64 lank 'top b' straké.cio0 3. 14.64 3.00 43.72 3.06 9.36 136.03 Wank = top c strake:.. 3.2... 14.34 2.90 41.68 S16 9.98 143.11 'rank top. distrake soc. : 28:52 5.45 155.43 0.61 0237 10.55 G ostrake: 26. eee ers 17.99 380 59.36 LOK NO) 136.00 Hee vstrake ane ee eas 18.45 6.90: 127.530 0.84 0.70 12.91 Tank: margin, - 232 ae 6.00 7.85 47.10 1.79 3.20 19.20 Lecstrake soe acc. 17.99 10.60: 190.69 4.54 20.61 370.77 Side, stringer: os sak 2.00 13.00 26.00 6.74 48.16 961. 32 Geestrake sy reek he as 15.64 13.90 217.39 7.84 61.46 961.29 Sheer -strake, 26.05 222 16.50 16.85 278.02 10.79 116.42 1,920.93 Strmeer Cangle: 2 yc es 2.07, 18.30 37.68 - 12°24 149.81 310.10 Stringers plate 8. 2 ek 25.96 18.50 482.26. 12.44 154.75 4,017.31 Hatc GOAMINIES Vee ecco 10.80 19.50 210.60 13.44 180.63 1,950.80 14,304.85 337.94 2,049.36 569.00 : Neutral axis above keel = -------- TSS 1a Axd : 6.06 29,747.70 2,162.5 x192 BENDING MOMENT = re = L863. 11,863.0 x 12.6 TENSION ON TOP = --HW------ = 5.02 29,748 é 11,863 x 6.06 COMPRESSION ON BOTTOM = ------------- = 2.41 29,748 North Sea Closed to Commerce Concerning the closing of the North Sea to commerce the British Admiralty has issued the following announcement coupled with instructions to merchant shipping : "During the last week the Germans have scattered mines indiscriminately in the open sea on the main trade route from America to Liverpool via_ the north of Ireland. . "Peaceful merchant ships have already been blown up with loss of life by this agency. : "The White Star liner Olympic es- caped disaster by pure good luck, and but for warnings given by British crui- sers other British and neutral merchant and passenger vessels would have been destroyed. | "These mines cannot have been laid by any German ship of war. been laid by some merchant vessel fly- ing a neutral flag which has come along the trade route as if for purposes of peaceful commerce, and, while profiting to the full by the immunity enjoyed by neutral merchant ships, has wantonly They have. sidered a military area. Within this area merchant shipping of. all kinds, traders of all countries, fishing craft, and all other vessels will be exposed to the gravest dangers from mines which it has been necessary to lay and from warships searching vigilantly by night and by day for suspicious craft. "All merchant and fishing vessels of every description are hereby warned of the dangers they encounter by entering this area, except in strict accordance with Admiralty directions. Every ef- fort will be made to convey this warn- ing to neutral countries and to vessels on the sea, but from Nov. 5. onward the Admiralty announces that all ships passing a line drawn from the northern point of the Hebrides through the Farne Islands to Iceland do so at their own peril. "Ships of all countries wishing to trade to and from Norway, the Baltic, Denmark, and Holland are advised to come, if inward bound, by the English channel and the Straits of Dover. There they will be given sailing directions which will pass them safely, so far as 463 Great Britain is concerned, up the east coast of England to the Farne Island, whence a safe route will, if possible, be given to Lindesnas Lighthouse. "From this point they should turn north or south, according to their desti- nation, keeping as near the coast as pos- sible. The converse applies to vessels outward bound. "By strict adherence to these routes the commerce of all countries will be - able to reach its destination in safety so far as Great Britain is concerned, but any straying even for a few miles from the course thus indicated may be fol- lowed by fatal consequences." New Type of Submersible Messrs. Fried Krupp, of Kiel, have constructed for the Norwegian navy an interesting type of submersible named the Kobben. The dimensions of this craft are:--Length, 129 feet; breadth, 12 feet 2%4 inches; draught, 12 feet 5 inches; surface displacement, 205 tons; submerged displacement, 255 tons. She is built up of two hulls. The outside hull is shaped like an ordinary torpedo-boat, and the inner hull is formed of three welded circu- lar sections bolted together. Two re- versible propellers are driven, when the vessel is cruising on the surface, by two petroleum motors of 220 en- gine horsepower each, and when sub- merged by two electric motors of 125 engine horsepower each. The sur- face speed is 12 and the submerged speed 9 knots. The surface radius of action is 1,450 miles at 9 knots, while under water the boat can op- erate 'within a radius of 45. miles at 6.5 knots speed. The Kobben is fitted with a num- ber of safety appliances. A detach- able keel weighing four tons can be released by simply moving a handle. A telephone line, which can be sent to the surface by releasing a buoy, is provided, and also a_ high-pressure tank of 3.5 tons capacity, which can be quickly emptied by compressed air even when the vessel is at great depths. After passing her trials the vessel was subjected to a deep-sea pressure test in the Baltic, remaining for two hours at a depth of 50 meters, after which no sign of permanent distortion could be discovered. A_ storm trial to test her seaworthiness was also carried out, and this showed that her high freeboard and_ superstructure made her an excellent sea boat in every respect. The Lake Drummond Canal Co. has given an order to Brusstar Bros., Baltimore, Md., for a new wooden tug.