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July, 1920 marine insurance wherein the natural risks to which vessels are subjected are fully treated. A chapter is devoted to commer- cial geography. This treats such sub- jects as the demand for goods, the opening of new trade routes, types of trade, charters, trading in bills of exchange, etc. Under ships and ship- building are described the materials used in vessel construction. Free- board and load lines are fully ex- plained in this chapter. THe ship as: a cargo. Carrier .formis the subject of an interesting chapter wherein stresses and strains are fully described. aoare proper way = to stow ballast and the miaterials used THE MARINE REVIEW machinery claims, collision liability, EUG, Freight insurance, war insurance and reinsurance are next taken up, together with losses, general aver- ages, and total losses: The functions of brokers and mutual insurance com- panies are pointed out. pendices are included forms and agreements. Several ap- which show Written by one who understands his subject thoroughly, this book should prove of value to vessel own- ers, masters and operators and others interested in shipping. The author uses clear language in discussing a subject which is not generally under- stood. In view of the efforts to 411 road Steamship line for $850,000. To- day her' value is. estimated as around $3,000,000. : She was used as a cement carrier and passenger ship during the period of construction of the locks and. earlier terminal piers of the canal. During the war she was for some time in the nitrate trade, from Chile. In May, 1919, she was sent to. Balboa shops for virtual rebuilding. Every part that was worn was re- placed, from hull plates to railing around the deck. The system of coal. burning boilers was changed to oil burners, with a general reconstruction of the bunker and boiler spaces. New boilers were installed, and all worn © i Anse for this purpose are set forth. Clas- sification societies and what a class signifies are explained together with the necessity for understanding clas- sthication society codes. Underwriters' Organizations, salvage associations, the Measurement of ships, etc., are among other subjects treated in this sec- tion. An explanation of a marine insur- ance contract is given followed by a rull description of types of marine Msurance policies. Specific cargo risks are exhaustively treated, espe- Cal attention being given to the over- os of vessels and fire hazards. ._ involved in damage caused ao ; s in transit are explained, while ne soe of refrigerated goods ci - meats gives pany inter- tec acts. On the subject of hull a . the author explains the sev- = sses into which this is divid- and explains the value of vessels, SERVICE CRISTOBAL REBUILT AND READY FOR stimulate American marine insurance, the book is timely and well worth reading. Rebuild Big Steamer at Panama Repairs involving almost complete re- construction have been carried out at the Balboa shops of the Panama canal on the steamship CristopaL. The vessel has been owned by the Panama authorities for 11 years and was in hard service both dur- ing the period of canal construction and during the war. In fitting her for economical operation at the present time, extensive overhauling was de- cided upon. The CrisToBaL, 9332 gross tons, 489 feet 6 inches in length by 58 feet beam and 28 feet 10 inches depth, was built in 1902 at Sparrows Point, Md., and purchased in 1909 by the Panama Rail- ' parts of the engines, main and aux-! iliary, replaced with new. The capac- ity for cold storage was increased to over 13,000 cubic feet. Passenger ac- commodations were renovated and in- creased; she can now accommodate 130 first class and 52 steerage passengers. ' New smoking room, social hall, and dining room were built, and finished: throughout in "caoba blanca" or the light mahogany of Panama. This is « kind of wood never used prior to 1917 and unknown commercially, outside of the local uses on the Panama isthmus. Practically all of the ship above the' main deck is entirely new. : The accompanying illustration shows. the CristonaAL leaving Pedro Miguel lock on her way through the canal on April 13. The vessel had passed her trial trip in the bay of Panama suc- cessfully and is now in the service of the Panama Railroad Steamship line between New York and the canal zone.