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September, 1920 inches for every foot of the load draft of water for the rake abaft, and three- ffths of the ship's breadth for the rake forward, the remainder being the length of the keel for the tonnage. The effects of the foregoing tonnage rule are generally known; the tendency of a rule which only took into account the length and the square of the breadth being naturally to produce deep, narrow ships, which were not only un- handy, box-shaped vessels, but posi- tively dangerous from their liability to capsize. The old law of 1694, which took the depth into acount, also caused vessels to be built with very full lines, and long after the tonnage rule known as builders' old measurement had been suspended by the new measurement its evil effects remained, for the shipbuild- ers continued to use it to describe their ships, and to build the deep dangerous vessels to show a large carrying capac- ity compared with the builders' tonnage. In 1821, a committee was appointed to revise the tonnage laws, and this com- mittee reported that they would have liked to propose the measurement of the portion of the ship included be- tween the light- and load-lines, but that this method was "liable to in- superable objection on account of the impossibility of ascertaining the posi- tion of these lines in a satisfactory manner," They proposed, however, a rule of internal measurement, in which the mean of five breadths and two depths was taken; these multiplied together and by the length and the product divided by 112 gave the tonnage. No legislation was ever attempted upon the report of this committee. Determining Internal Capacity In 1833, another committee was ap- Pointed by the admiralty and the re- sult of their investigations was the tonnage rule known as the "new meas- "rement," embodied in Acts 5 and 6 William oy, 1835. This rule aimed at obtaining the in- ternal capacity of a vessel by the Smallest number of measurements, and the use of such a divisor as would sive an average result equal to that by the old rule. The rule may be summarized as fol- lows: Ist, Fo Clear hold. (a) The length of the 'upper deck etween after part of stem and fore part of sternpost was divided into six equal , Darts, (b) The depths were measured at the foremost, middle and aftermost points of division from under side of upper deck to the ceiling at the timber strake. tr vessels measured' with a THE MARINE REVIEW (c) Each of. these three depths was divided into five equal parts, and the inside breadth measured at one-fifth and four-fifths from the upper deck of the foremost and aftermost depths and at two-fifths and four-fifths of the midship depth. he Jength of "the: vescel was measured at half the mid- ship depth from after part of stem io fore part of sternpost. Then twice the 521 dividing the product of the mean inside length, breadth and depth by 92.4, ad. "Her = #éssels measured while loaded, Lene XD Tonnage = where 130 L is length of upper deck from after part of stem to fore part of sternpost. B is inside breadth on under side of upper deck at middle of length. --_--_ew-- = ln LIT FOP Tee Colmtnon Lhterval=-16/t | pe eee ee , Curve of Sectional Areas l | l ! ] { | 6 a 4 oe km NS JSecr/on amidship depth added _ to the foremost and aftermost depths was termed the sum of the depths. The upper and lower breadth of the foremost division added to three times the upper breadth and the lower breadth at the midship divi- sion and the upper and twice the lower breadth at the after Hee gave the of the breadth. The sum of the depths multiplied by the sum of the breadths and then by the length and the product a vided by 3500 gave the 'oister tonnage. The tonnage of the poop or half-deck was found by FIG. 1--DIVIDING LENGTH AND BREADTH OF VESSEL FOR MEASUREMENT i from under side of upper r ae the pump well to the 2 skin. The tonnage of a poopdeck or raised deck was found by the rule already given and added to the result , found by the above formula. In either: of these rules the allow- ance for engine space in steamers was the product of the length between the two bulkheads, the depth of the side amidships and the inside breadth at two-fifths the depth from the deck, divided by 92.4, and the quotient was deducted from the gross tonnage. 'The "new measurement" rule Te- mained in force till 1854, but gave rise