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L 9 'CONTENTS. DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. Storm, cautionary, and wind direction signals. Weather signals. Magnetic chart, 5. Oswego breakwater, 32. Toronto harbor, 45. Buffalo breakwater, 56. Erie harbor, Presque isle, 59. Cleveland breakwater, 62. Lime-kiln Crossing cut, 89. Sand Beach breakwater, 100. Goderich harbor, 114. Grand Haven, Mich., 172. St. Joseph harbor, 174. Michigan City breakwater , 175. Calumet (South Chicago) harbor, 177. Chicago breakwater and harbor, 179. Racine harbor, 181. Milwaukee breakwater, 183. Sturgeon Bay Ship canal, 188. Grand Marais, Mich., 224. Asbland, Chaquamegon bay, 234. Superior City, entrance to St. Louis river, 236. Duluth harbor, 237. . Two Harbors (Agate bay), 238. Grand Marais, Minn., 239. sen 4 to illustrate the running lights, 256, 257, 258. os Life Saving Service, diagrams to illustrate the manner of working the Breeches-buoy and Life-car, 267, 268. Her registering bearings when swinging ship, Deviation of the standard Compass, 12. For converting points of the Compass and their fractional parts into degrees, 15, 16. Of distances objects can be seen at sea, 17. For converting Statute miles into Nautical nee: and Nautical miles into Statute miles, Of distances on the St. Lawrence river and Lake Ontario, 42. Of distances on Lake Erie from Buffalo to Fort Gratiot, 87. Of distances on Lake Huron from Fort Gratiot to Old Fort Mackinac, 119. re eee on Lake Michigan and Green bay, Of distances on Lake Superior, 250. Of distances from Buffalo to points on Lake Erie and the Upper Lakes, 252. ' | Length of a degree of longitude in different Jat- itudes, 264. Showing the smallest locks on the several canals, 282. Showing the mean level of the lakes for a series of years, 284, APPENDIX. Pilot rules for the lakes and seaboard, 253, 254. Running lights, diagrams, and the rule of the road at sea, 255 to 259. Rules relating to fog signals for steamers, sail vessels, and tow boats, 260. Steering and sailing rules, 260, 261, 262. General rules for steamships meeting and crossing, 262, 263. The lead, 263. Code of engine signals, 263, 264. Nautical and statute miles, 264. Life Saving Service, 265 to 271. Treatment of frost-bites, 271, 272. To measure distances by sound, 272. To determine the distance of an object on shore, when running along the land, 273. The barometer, 273, 274. The thermometer, 274. Instrumental and other local indications of ap- . proaching storms, 275, 276. 'Proverbs relating to clouds, 276, 277, 278, Proverbs relating to the moon, 278, 279. Proverbs relating to rain, 279, 280. Proverbs relating to rainbow, 280. Proverbs relating to stars and meteors, 280, 281. Proverbs relating to the sun, 281, 282. St Clair Flats Ship-canal, 282, 283. St. Mary's Falls Ship-canal, 283. Greatest depth of water on the lakes, 283. Area oven lakes, and their height above the sea,