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BAR KEEL. SECTION 14. 1. Bar keels must be of dimensions given in Table 1. The forgings to be of good length and properly welded together, or they may be connected by scarphing, the length of the scarphs to be equal to three and one-half times the depth of the bar keel and properly jointed, calked and riveted according to Table 13. See Figure 16, Page 1o2. CENTER VERTICAL PLATE KEEL. (FOR SINGLE BOTTOM VESSELS.) SECTION 15. 1. If desired a vertical plate keel may be introduced into the construc- tion. The thickness of the plate may be the same as that given in Table 5 for center keelson plates and it must not be less than the united depth of floors and bar keel. Two side plates, the thickness of which, together with the center plate keel, must equal that of the tabular bar keel. This liner or side plate to be in depth equal to that of the bar keel. See Figure 15. Page r1oz. The vertical keel plate must extend above the floors and be strengthened by horizontal plates of the thickness given in Table 1 for garboard plates. These plates are to be continuous, riveted to the reverse angles of the floor plates and connected with the keel plate by continuous angle bars of dimensions given in Table 5 for keelson and flat plate keel angle bars. 2. The butts of the vertical keel and side plates must be carefully shifted with those of the garboard strakes. 3. If desired the side plates on the vertical keel plate may be dispensed with, providing the vertical keel and garboard plating be increased to the com- bined thickness of the tabular bar keel and garboard plates. 4. The floor plates are to be connected with the vertical keel plate by double vertical angles of the section given in Table 9 for hold stringer angles and to extend two-thirds the vessel's length, including machinery and boiler space, the balance of the vertical floor plate angles may be of the size of reverse bars. RULES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEEL VESSELS. 31 FLAT PLATE KEEL. SECTION 16. 1. When flat plate keels are adopted, which are considered especially suit- able for vessels navigating the Great Lakes, their dimensions, including extreme proportions, are given in Table 1. 2. It is recommended that the flat plate keel be fitted as an outside plate. the tabular thickness to extend for half the vessel's length amidships. Beyond this a reduction for sailing vessels will be allowed, as set forth in Table 2. 3. No reduction from the midship thickness will be allowed at the after end of screw steamers. 4. The strake of plating on each side adjoining the flat plate keel to be of the thickness given in Table 1 for garboard strakes. 5. The heel of the stem and sternpost forgings must be overlapped by the flat plate keel and extend into the body of the vessel far enough for a good and efficient connection satisfactory to the surveyor. See Sec. 18. 6. The center vertical keelson that is fitted in conjunction with the flat plate keel in double bottom vessels must be connected thereto by longitudinal continuous angle bars of the dimensions given in Table 4 for lower keelson angle bars. Keelson angle bars for single bottom vessels are given in Table 5. 7. The dimensions of buttstraps of flat plate keels and the diameter of rivets for same to equal that given in Table 13, and they should be treble riveted throughout, as required by Table 14. STEM. SECTION 17%. 1. Stems should be of the best hammered iron or forged steel in one forging, and should comply with test requirements. See Table 12. 2. The stem should be in one piece and of dimensions given in Table 1. It may be gradually reduced above the load line so that the sectional area at the stem head will not be less than 75 per cent. of the tabular area.