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January, 1916 as if they were actually in the hands of an enemy or rival, because they exist and cannot be sunk; and if we fail to make the right use of them geographi- cal circumstance will turn them against us, just as it turned them away from others and to us. The Pacific permits to us no defensive policy such as we have softened ourselves to in the At- lantic. Our coast line extends to Guam, even if we should scuttle in the Philippines. We can wiggle, and squirm, and make a wry face over pay- ing the bill, but we can never evade ultimately the cost of adequately forti- fying a naval base in the island of S/BERIA ASIA fe VLADIVOSTOK NAMEN AL 34 ; of \BONIN ISL? 1G00r ae) woe otra. ae JA ah al od NOTES 1 The Defensive lreas are:A,0 E6644 2TheUffensive Greas are: Bul 3. The Main Arteryof the Facifie 1s the dea; Sanfrancrsco, Midway Istana, WakelVand Guam, Honolulu, Sar trancisee 4.Cvam - the Key of the Facific Guam, and in a lesser degree in the island of Tutuila, in the Archipelago of Alaska, and on Midway Island, just as we have already begun the good work in the Hawaiian Islands and at Balboa at the Pacific end of the Panama canal, the reason being, if there were no other, to prevent their being used against us as commercial supply stations or naval bases by an enterprising rival or enemy. Besides, it will pay us to do so. Suppose that on Jan. 1, 1916, there should be assembled off Panama, in the Pacific, a fleet to make a leisurely voyage to Manila and return by way of Honolulu, Midway and Guam. Let us assume that this fleet consists of 30 ! SS euriAN ISLANDS ,.@ UAPAN SEA 4 4 YOKAHANA SAK! ¢ ZEALAN _ endurance, THE MARINE REVIEW battleships, 20 of our largest cruisers, now mostly out of. date because de- ficient in speed, 40 destroyers, 20 col- liers, three supply ships, and the fleet repair ship VESTAL. Circumstances of Voyage In order that we may _ elucidate the problem of supplying this fleet in its simplest form, the speed is 10 knots, no bad weather is encountered, there are no delays from break-downs, and the time to overhaul machinery, etc., is placed at an absurdly low figure. As the stretch from Panama to Honolulu is 4,685 miles and would necessitate tow- ALASKA oe COLUMBIA es AucKrtAwo NEw WibLidetou ° ing some of the ships of lesser coal and, as touching at Mag- dalena bay would only be 125 miles more than the direct route, this stop is made. Stopping at San Diego, instead, would made a difference of 436 miles. Coal Supply Required We have at Balboa a fine refueling plant and an embryo naval station, and the fleet is supposed to sail from there full of coal and fuel oil. The as- sumption is a very liberal one that 18 tons of coal and 3% tons of oil per mile will cover the fuel consumption of the battleships, cruisers, and destroyers at sea at a speed of only 10 knots, and that 1,000 tons of coal and 160 tons of 11 oil will cover their daily consumption in port. According to London En- gineering the average collier or freighter will burn 1/6-ton of coal per mile or ¥%-ton of oil and will burn about 12 tons of coal, or ten tons of oil in port per day. Our battleships carry nearly 40 days’ fresh provisions, and _ five months’ dry provisions, and the three refrigerator supply ships Cuteoa, GLAcier and CeLtic may be emptied on reaching Guam, proceed to Sydney, Australia, 3,000 miles, to fill up, and return to the island of Guam, where they would meet the fleet on its return voyage. The following is the calculated coal NYORTH AMERICA — Bue Nos Ayacse MONTRVIDIO FALKLANO STRATEGIC MAP OF THE: PACIFIC OCEAN | consumption for the outward voyage of this suppositional fleet: Sea Coal, Oil, : miles. tons. tons. Panama to Magda- jena: “Bay: 3 2.209 49,000 8,500 In port 5 days... cae 5,000 800- Magdalena to Hono- py EULER reese ee 2,543 55,000 9,500 In port 5 days... Hide OU) 800 Honolulu to Guam via Midway.. 3,450 74,700 13,000 In port 10 days.. Ae 10,000 1,600 Guam to Manila... 1,542 33,500 5,800 In port 10 days.. bra 10,000 1,600 Potali sivsr oe aes 10,000 242,200 41,600 Taking from the Naval Pocket Book the bunker capacities of all the ships enumerated as comprising this fleet, add- ing to it the carrying capacities of coal and oil of the 20 colliers, and compar- ing the sum with the consumptions of Te IPL 22 ME ENE EP OMNOT PCMID IOS ORAL IONE NG TESOORSA