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58 THE MARINE REVIEW FIG. 10—TUGS MOORED FOR THE WINTER. THESE STURDY LITTLE VESSELS ARE THE LAST TO tion is also devoted to recommenda- tions for repairs. Such suggestive page-headings as the following are reproduced: “Repairs and alterations to main en- gine, engine foundation, air pump, re- verse engine, driving bearing, stern and propeller. “Repairs and alterations to boilers, including breeching, draft system, heaters and purifiers. “Repairs and alterations to wind- lass engine, mooring engines, hatch engine and capstan engine.” The supplemental report goes even more: into detail, regarding the con- dition of the boilers and engines. A preface states that “as it is impossible to maintain an absolute line between what should be reported by the mas- ter and what by the engineer, they should confer on such items as might properly be reported by either one of them, and see to it that such item is reported by one only. This report is not to refer to small items which are properly upkeep, and should be cared for currently during the season and under no circumstances left for winter or fit-out work.” Methods of Ascertaining Condition A few of the headings in the sup- plemental report may be of interest as indicating the extreme care exer- cised by a modern lake fleet in the maintenance of its units. For in- stance: “Crossheads—In what condition? Describe whether or not there are any cracks in the casting, loose pins in the crossheads, cut or cracked brasses or pins. “Main Engine Crank Shaft—In what condition is the babbitt in the respect- ive bearings? Are there any loose LAY UP FOR THE SEASON pins or webs? What are the condi- tions of the bearing surfaces of the pins and shaft? “Combustion Chamber.—In examin- ing for internal ‘pitting and growing, pay particular attention to the heel of the front and back head flanges and the turn of the combustion chamber flanges. “Boiler Shells—State specifically the condition of the girth seams, and whether or not there is any leakage or moisture tending to corrode the shells or rivets.” ' Every item of equipment is simi- larly discussed beyond the possibility of omission. Cee An interesting method’ of preparing February, 1916 the hoisting, mooring and other auxil- iary engines for the winter is in use on vessels of the Hutchinson fleet. Formerly, the cylinder heads were re- moved and the inside of the cylin- ders painted with heavy oil to protect the surfaces. At present, the engines are started running and a heavy mix- ture of oil sent through them until they are thoroughly coated with it. The lines are then disconnected and the engines drained. This is declared to be much simpler than the old method, and equally efficacious. Causes of Structural Damage Structural repairs to Lake freight- ers are principally the result of such damages as have been sustained in the course of unloading by means of automatic devices. Fig. 6 shows clearly the effects of repeated batter- ing by the big grab buckets in a small and “cluttered” hold. An interesting comparison is afforded with the same type of buckets at work in the hold of a modern freighter, shown in Fig. 7. The hold stanchions and stringers, in Fig. 6, are bent and twisted and the bilge ceiling and tank top are scored. The vessel illustrated has not been seriously damaged; but such usage occasionally necessitates the re- pair or replacement of~ structural members: Ships are seldom strained by improper loading or discharging; but grounding and _ collisions with docks are more or less frequent, and necessitate the same sort of. repairs as do mishaps of, the..same sort on salt water, grounding being rather more recurrent, owing to the small margin FIG, 11—-NEW SOUTH CHICAGO DRYDOCK OF THE CHICAGO SHIPBUILDING CO. SS or rR