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324 7 THE MARINE REVIEW of the Central Powers, the withdrawal of German and Austrian merchant ships from the trade, and the dangers from submarines and mines cast adrift in the routes of ocean commerce. net tonnage in 1914 was a trifle larger —half of 1 per cent—much of the net tonnage in 1914 was for the passenger trade, as stated, which in 1916 was relatively small, and cargo space in Table IV. Clearances for South America American. Foreign. Total. uae 1914. 1916. 1914. 1916. 1914, 1916. Destination. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Argentina .........0.- 4,757 191,436 611,360 575,842 . 616,117 767,278 Brazil Sit Seecut Slee caval heresies 62,356 259,619 648,345 548,880 710,701 808,499 Chile ieee ewer eens 44,385 236,578 482,377 355,547 526,762 592,125 WOlLOm Did ses ve rie es 285 109,197 271,804 74,319 272,089 183,516 Pera cies oem eo kes 48,457 32,385 42,951 50,794 91,408 83,179 Wire eset a eias 6 oes 7,310 54,657 93,069 121,743 100,379 176,400 Wenezuela ee a oc. panes 23,066 52,286 29,800 13,357 52,886 65,643 Other South America.. 1,863 9,195 57,465 24,238 59,308 33,433 otal sei oa vss cae ccs 192,479 945,353 «2,237,171 1,764,720 2,429,650 2,710,073 Table V. American Trade With the Orient et American, Foreign. Total. Destination: 1914. 1916. 1914, 1916. 1914. 1916. Asia. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. China cece eee e eee tetas 4,952 37,452 348,147 162,624 353,099 | 200,076 British “India: ss os sens. Eisbrek 19,707 120,832 135,051 120,832 154,758 Hongkong ......... Sue eo 9,346 75,879 243,856 75,879 253,202 Japan se eeeeeeeeeeeeee 66,615 13,462 531,890 378,086 598,415 391,548 Ophers Asta eis ke wars 651 S123. 88,425 569,581 89,176 618,610 HEAL EN OG cay 'cne sreetgesake 72,218 131,198 1,165,083 1,489,196 1,237,301 1,620,396 : Oceania. OMIStTAlian’ obec Gicen snes 14,243 136,173 492,119 431,154 506,462 562,406 Philippine Islands ..... 2,051 1,181 143,945 86,407 145,996 87,588 Other) Oceania... cc... 12,321 20,036 88,125 78,725 100,346 95,682 "POtals. i vc viscenrs cies ++» 28,615 157,390 724,189 596,486 752,804 753,876 Up to this fiscal year the greatest volume of clearance from the United States for the overseas continents named was 24,872,403 net tons during the year ended June 30, 1914, just be- fore the outbreak of the European war. Much of the net tonnage in that year was space for passengers (tourists and immigrants) on ocean steamers, while during the fiscal year just closed such fast steamers to a great extent have been withdrawn from trade to serve as allied transports and hospital ships or held in port to avoid capture, and their place has been supplied by cargo steamers. (A net ton is 100 cubic feet of ship’s closed-in space available for cargo or passengers.) American shipping cleared for the overseas continents during the year just closed was more than three times that of 1914, being 2,448,305 net tons, compared with 745,242 net tons for the fiscal year 1914. The American net tonnage cleared from the United States. for these continents in the years ended June 30, 1914 and 1916, the foreign net tonnage so cleared, and the com- bined American and foreign tonnage are shown in Table II, American ton- nage more than doubling in each case and foreign tonnage showing a de- crease, except to Asia. During the past fiscal year our ship- ping facilities (net tonnage) for the export trade to Europe, have been the greatest in our history. Although the 1916 was supplied to help to meet the great volume of our exports. Dur- ing 1914 the American Line mail steamers to Southampton and the Red Star Line passenger ships to Antwerp September, 1916 Powers. The total tonnage clearances to France and Italy almost doubled, the clearances to Norway, Denmark and Sweden more than doubled, and to Greece increased over threefold. Table III summarizes the net tonnage clearances to European countries. American shipping in~ trade with South America has developed more rapidly in the past fiscal year than in any other direction. The American tonnage cleared was almost five times greater than in 1914, and in trade with Argentina particularly the increase is notable. The withdrawal of foreign ships has been made good by increased American tonnage. The increase in total clearances in partly due, of course, to improved financial condi- tions in those countries, except Peru, and to the removal of the risk of de- struction which checked trade with South America for some months after the outbreak of the war. The clear- ances for South America are shown in Table IV. The clearances from States for Africa on both oceans and on the Mediterranean increased from 406,457 net tons in 1914, to 464,093 net tons in 1916. In 1914 the American shipping thus cleared was insignificant, only 4,263 net tons, while in the past year it mounted to 79,412 net tons, of which over half, in spite of sub- marine warfare in the Mediterranean, was cleared for Egypt and Algiers. The foreign net tonnage clearances Table VI, American Trade With Nearby Countries American. Foreign. Total. 1914, 1916. 1914, 1916. 1914. 1916. Clearances for— Nova Scotia and British Columbia i048 os 1,854,058 1,998,805 British West Indies and Bermudaioncnun tears a 138,073 266,163 Cubans ches epee 871,506 ' 1,810,358 Panama: oes ane. 500,009 1,139,889 Mexico, Haiti, and Do- minican Republic.... Cent. America and W. Indies, except British 66,883 964,553. 1,691,412 390,150 eta ee 4,395,082 7,296,777 Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. 2,855,943 2,733,882 4,710,001 4,732,687 1,520,591 653,852 1,658,664 920,015 1,738,337 1,257,095 2,609,843 3,067,453 838,097 84,518 1,338,106 1,224,407 2,203,413 787,837 3,167,966 2,479,249 1,198,620 606,197 1,265,503 996,347 10,355,001 6,123,381 14,750,083 13,420,158 Table VII. America’s Ship Building Record Building or New Vessels oe Nagai hanes contracts. completed. iod. fe) r. tons. No. Gr. t : I i July 1 1915 sca pata 76 310,089 a Li oh ae ce RO RISGR ater ee eae 230 901,371 20 61,136 6 31,329 Mer ie. 244 945,798 107 151,296 5 23,394 | Ror 1) fers ee 360 _—‘1,067,856 20 51,011 6 12,915 May Lote, oe 368 1,129,014 20 81,470 13 53,840 Mane i de 372 1,147,534 39 114,530 10 39,940 Vuly 4, WIG oe 385 —«-1,225,784 a ee hae Goal a oe 206 459,443 40 161,418 were virtually the only American ships in trade with Europe; in 1916 Amer- ican ships traded with most of the mari- time nations of Europe, except Bel- gium and the blockaded Central decreased from 402,194 in 1914 to 384,- 681 in 1916. The total tonnage clearances from the United States of ships on trans- Pacific voyages to ports in Asia, Aus- the United | { : 4 4 4 : ‘ : 4 4 :