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December, 1916 crew of a dreadnaught are intensely human; hence, a jail on shipboard with several cells, where a diet of bread and water tends to good reso- lutions. But all men are not bad and bad men-are not always in trouble, so there is a chaplain on board who at stated periods conducts divine serv- ice and to this end must be provided with a pulpit, and this makes the . church. Battleship a Fortified City So each battleship is a fortified city, carrying within its armored walls all the activities of the ordinary citizen, but always with the refining and civ- ilizing influence of women absent, and we have nearly all the ordinary mu- nicipal plants in operation, for we have light, heat, water, drainage, power, hospitals, church and laundry ‘plants quite as in a well ordered city. In the evolution of the battleship, one element of doubt pertaining to its design has been removed, and can now be determined beforehand with ‘absolute and scientific accuracy. I re- fer to the powering of the vessel. In the days when fourteen knots was considered a high speed the power necessary to drive the vessel at a speed not exceeding fourteen knots was ascertained largely by the use of Rankine’s formula, which took into account the wetted surface of the vessel, the entering angles of the vessel’s form and the water set in motion by the passage of the vessel through the water, or what he termed augmented surface. When higher speeds came more and more into vogue it was seen with regret that Rankine’s formula had its limitations and something more reliable than an “educated guess” miust be substituted. About this time Mr. Froude began his resistance inves- tigations on behalf of the English Admiralty, which became world fam- ous and led to the promulgation of the method of comparison known as Froude’s Law of Comparisons. This was a great boon to the designer, where it was impossible to have the resistance of the model ascertained by tank experiments, provided that one had a sufficiént stock of trial data for vessels somewhat similar in form. This was the method used by the Navy Department prior to the instal- lation of the model basin apparatus at the Washington Navy Yard, under the auspices of the Bureau of Con- struction and Repair. In those days it was customary for the Bureau of Steam Engineering and the Bureau of Construction and Repair to prepare independent curves showing the power required at various speeds and then RS Sa SNES ae compare them. A reasonable margin was added to the power for safety’s sake, and then in designing the ma- chinery a little margin was allowed to be sure that the prescribed power would be obtained. From this it can be seen that it was not so difficult a matter to obtain a very considerable premium for speed in excess of the contract requirements, when such bonuses were allowed. With the coming of more exact methods, insti- tuted by that very able constructor of the United States Navy, Mr. David W. Taylor, the bonus system was swept away and the contract made for a definite speed; anything obtained above it was simply glory for the contractor. Ascertaining the resistance of the model for a certain range of speeds not only causes one to await quietly, without undue loss of sleep, the out- come of the speed trials, but makes it easier to place the cause of the trouble, if any is experienced, where it properly belongs. Where the Fault Lies In the old days, when the vessel failed to realize her expected speed the engineer at once laid full blame upon the form of the hull, a trick not yet entirely forgotten by our brothers on the engineering side of the fence. Now that the hull resistance can be definitely foretold, and the engines found to be capable of developing the required power, inquiry turns at once to the design of the propeller wheel Arizona in "Tie superdreadnought latest addition to the United States navy and the largest and most powerfully armed fighting ship ever built at the navy yard in Brooklyn, went into commission Oct. 17, while the blue jackets from half a dozen other dreadnoughts, the yard staff, and a large number of civilians looked on. Rear Admiral Nathaniel R. Usher, commandant of the yard, during whose administration so. much government work has been done there, read the orders from the navy department which made ARIZONA an active unit of the Atlantic fleet, after which Captain John D. McDonald read his own orders from the navy department to assume com- mand of the superdreadnought. Then the band struck up the “Star-Spangled Banner,” a big new silken flag was hauled aloft, and ARIZONA was in active service. For weeks past the crew of ARIZONA had been assembling, most of the men coming from the battleships Kawnsas, THE MARINE REVIEW - 429 as the unknown factor, and one where experiment may give beneficial results. In other words, it narrows investiga- tion down to one element instead of any one of three. There is still further benefit to be derived from inodel tank results in warship design, where every ton of displacement is of great value. In general terms, increase in power means increase of weight, and when a generous allow- ance has been made to insure the necessary power being obtained it must be at the expense of weight; in other words, some other department of the vessel is being robbed of its proper share of the given displace- ment in order that we may be sure of our speed. The model tank pre- vents this by showing us the necessary effective horsepower at the very start of the design. This also follows ‘into the radius of action for a_ vessel. The necessary fuel for a_ given radius may be accurately ascer- tained and unnecessary weight saved which can go into the armament or protection. The design and development of dread- naught battleships present as many features of interest today as war. The gun is undefeated by armor, and the submarine has had no adequate reply made to the possibilities of its attack. A feature that must be given serious consideration is pro- tection against an attack from the sky. This may well take some form of turtle back in connection with the upper level of protective deck plating. VERMONT, and NEw Hampsuire, three ships of the predreadnought type which were transferred recently to the Atlan- tic reserve fleet. CoNnNECTICUT, the sole remaining vessel of the predreadnought type now in the Atlantic fleet, is destined to go into the reserve shortly. The Atlantic fleet has been reorganized, so far as its first fighting line is concerned, into an all- dreadnought fleet, and by this time next year, when the new IpAHO and Muiss- ISSIPPI go into comission, the fleet will form one of the greatest naval fighting forces in the world, with 19 vessels of the dreadnought class comprising the four active battle divisions. ‘Do you realize,” said an officer of - ceremonies, “that big guns than ARIZONA, at the ARIZONA has more KANSAS, VERMONT and New HAmpsuHirE © combined, and that a broadside from Arizona’s 12 14-inch guns weighs 6,600 pounds more than would .a_ broadside from all the 12-inch guns on those three ships.”