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266 and many works of improvement are now under way under their respective supervision. Philadelphia’s total water frontage on the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers is about 37 miles, of which 20 miles are on the former and 17 on the latter stream. The most concentrated activi- ties of the port are centered along about six miles of waterfront on the Delaware river, extending from Green- wich Point about three miles south of Market street, to Allegheny avenue, Port Richmond, about three miles north of that street. Portions of the Schuylkill river, however, also handle a considerable traffic, and owing to large exports of oil, nearly 45 per THE MARINE REVIEW tween them about 4,800 feet of berth- ing space for the accommodation of large ships. The steamship piers belonging to the municipality are located mainly at the ends of streets in the central section of the city, and are designated ordinarily by the names of the high- ways upon which they abut. The piers at Arch, Race and Chestnut streets are used mainly for the ac- commodation of river and bay trade, and in a minor degree in the im- portation of tropical fruits. In addi- tion to these uses, the piers at Race and Chestnut streets are provided with recreation pavilions on their upper decks for the convenience of the pub- ‘PROPOSED MOYAINENSING PIERS, PHILADELPHIA cent of the gross export tonnage of the port originates on this. stream. Altogether, about half of the city front is improved and the present wharves afford a total berthing space of 162,500 lineal feet, of which about 35,000 lineal feet of wharf frontage is capable of accommodating ships of heavy draft. This provides berthing accommodation for nearly 100 fair- sized ocean steamers, and a large number of smaller vessels. Large Municipal Piers The principal marine terminals of the port are those owned by the city, consisting at this time of seven large well-constructed piers, with one more in progress of erection (no mention being made in this connection of a score or. more of small industrial wharves belonging to the municipal- ity); the piers of the Pennsylvania railroad, 15 in all; those of the Phila- delphia & Reading railroad, 23 in all; three piers belonging to the Balti- more & Ohio railroad; three piers of the Independent Pier Co., and the bulkhead wharves of the Atlantic Re- fining Co. and the Gulf Refining Co. on the Schuylkill river, having be- lic. The pier at Vine street, a two- story steel and concrete structure, is leased by lines engaged in trade to Italian as well as other Mediter- ranean ports. The one-story pier at Dock street of the same type of con- struction is leased to Furness, Withy & Co. Ltd. the largest steamship company in the world. Pier No. 38, South Wharves, located between Catharine and Queen streets—a new modern pier of steel and concrete construction—is used for South Amer- ican and European trade. Pier No. 40, South Wharves, adjoining, and of the same type of construction, is used for the exportation of flour to Euro- pean countries. The Independent Pier Co. operates four piers, located between South and Queen streets, South Delaware Wharves, two of the covered and two uncovered, the former with Belt Line railroad connection. Excellent accom- modations for coastwise and ocean- going vessels are offered by this com- pany. The Baltimore & Ohio railroad operates at the present time only one general-cargo pier in Philadelphia, its main terminal having been destroyed August, 1917 by fire some time ago. This is a covered pier, located at the foot of Lombard street, South Delaware Wharves, and is provided with rail- road tracks connecting to its own lines and to the Belt Line railroad. One export coal pier is also operated by this company, at the foot of Jack- son street, South Wharves. Railroad Terminals The main Pennsylvania _ railroad steamship terminals, located between Queen and Christian streets, South Wharves, consist of five covered piers and one open pier for the use of regular passenger and freight steam- ers, both in the transatlantic and codast- wise trade. An immigration station is maintained by the railroad at this terminal for the use of the lines berth- ing at this point. This company’s coal terminals, consisting of six piers, are located at Greenwich Point, South Wharves. All-of these are provided with car-dumping trestles for loading bunker and cargo coal, except one, upon which a mechanical car-dumping plant is installed. The loading ca- pacity of this dumper is about 25 cars, or approximately 1,200 tons per hour. At Girard Point, on the north bank of the Schuylkill river near its junction with the Delaware, four large piers, two covered and two un- covered ones, are maintained by the company for handling ore, grain, ce- ment and other heavy bulk cargoes. Upon one of these piers mechanical ore unloaders of 800 tons per hour capacity are installed, and two others are appurtenant ‘to two large grain elevators with a storage capacity of 1,000,000 bushels each, and a total loading capacity of about 100,000 bushels per hour. All of these piers have direct rail connections both to the company’s own lines and to those of the Belt Line railroad. The Philadelphia & Reading rail- road’s general-cargo import piers are located between Callowhill and Noble streets, North Delaware Wharves, and its export piers, for the same class of cargo, between Cambria street and Allegheny avenue, North Wharves, this latter locality being known as Port Richmond. The import piers at Noble street consist of three covered wharves, one of these being a two- story pier with railroad tracks on both floors. The export piers at Port Richmond are six in number, four covered and two uncovered. Besides the foregoing piers for ocean freight, the Merchants’ & Miners’ Transportation Co. and the Clyde Steamship Co. own and operate coast- wise terminals, each with three piers. The remainder of the waterfront is developed in connection with various