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370 THE MARINE REVIEW October, 1917 FIG. 65—SETTING FRAMES BY MEANS OF A TRAVELING CRANE After thé site is: prepared, the work of arranging the keel blocks and. the preparations for laying the keel should take less than a week. The actual lay- ing of the keel for a 300-foot boat can be accomplished in a day or two. In some yards, the blocks are piled up crib fashion as shown ‘in Fig. 56, which illustrates the method employed in a wooden shipyard in Georgia. Getting Out the Keel The keel is made of long pieces of selected timber similar to that shown in Fig. 48. On the Pacific coast these pieces can easily be obtained in lengths up to 100 feet. These extra long lengths, of course, reduce the number of joints or scarfs. In order to pre- serve their continuity as much as pos- sible, the various sections of the keel are scarfed together as shown in Fig. 55. These scarfs may be from 10 to 20 feet in length. The two pieces, of course, are thoroughly bolted together FIG. 66—RAISING FRAMES BY MEANS OF BLOCK AND TACKLE at the scarf. The joints of the scarf frequently are laid in carbolineum to prevent decay and also to resist the action of the sea animalcule. As soon as the keel is laid, its alignment is secured against disturbance by means of sway braces spaced every 30 or 40 feet, as shawn in Figs. 55 and 56. The brace used in Fig. 55 is 6 inches square. After the keel pieces are laid on the blocks and fitted together, the whole is sighted and proved to be straight. When this is accomplished, the keel is secured in the correct position by driv- ing short treenails to the blocks close against the side of the keel. All of the bolts are now driven through the keel scarfs. The positions of the frame stations are next transferred to the keel, after which it is ready to receive the frames and to be joined to the stem and stern posts. In order to prevent any water which may find its way into the joints of the FIG. 67—FRAMES RAISED, READY FOR PLUMBING AND HORNING keel scarfs from getting behind the garboards, a stopwater may be placed in the joint of the scarf. This stop- water consists simply of a plug of soft pine driven tightly into a hole bored right through the joint. The expansion of the plug, when immersed, prevents water from going up through the scarf and getting behind the bottom planking. We now take up the question of pre- paring the frames and placing them in their proper positions on the keel. The framing is one of the most important parts of the ship’s structure, which con- sists, essentially of nothing more than a series of transverse ribs covered with a longitudinal series of planks which bind the frames together and keep out the water. The frames usually are spaced at equidistant intervals, the length of which is known as a “room and space.” The length of the room and space is fixed by the designer. On