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376 PSiSPIOOOS's diy ccbass arty deer gs 12 x 22 — 22 ES DICCER SG eee Saas 12 x 25 — 34 PAW 0) hol = PRPS ale eR 12 x 22 — 36 UG PUCCES a ci wise weeds caer 12 x 18 — 40 TOSDIECES i ese ccs es 12x 18 — 42 Forward Cant Frame No. 92 1 Yd 0} hye] geo Peer ey AE PES een 12 x 26 — 24 TOIECO nen Site ss 12 x 28 — 36 DIC ORI SS horeiiel cea sae 12 x 24 — 22 REG ia ase im sche Nstens 12 x 20 — 28 BP apl sle) Seep a cranan har ar erence 12 x 28 — 24 PDIOCO sia esc oe eee es es 12 x 16 — 28 One method of marking the frame timbers with the molds is shown clearly in Fig. 60. A man of some experience is necessary for this operation and a good workman can _ save .considerable lumber at this point. After the frame timbers have been properly marked, they are ready to be sawed and for this - purpose sawing equipment such as that illustrated in Figs. 61 and 62 may be employed. The equipment shown in Fig. 61 consists of a 48-inch swinging cut-off saw and a steam-driven derrick with a 45-foot boom. As soon as the timbers are marked, as shown in Fig. 60, they are picked up by the derrick and swung around to the cut-off saw table as indicated in Fig. 61. After being sawed to the proper length, they are skidded out onto the horses shown at the extreme left in the background in Fig. 61. They are then transferred from the horses to dollies or timber trucks similar to those shown in Fig. 62. These dollies are used to shift the timbers to the band-saw. Roughing Out the Timber A 40-inch bandsaw is provided. The frames are sawed to the proper curved outlines in the band-saw, the finished sections or futtocks appearing as in Fig. 63. This also shows the type of truck used for transferring the finished frame sections from the band-saw to the fram- ing stage where the frames are as- sembled. In some yards, in order to assist the work of sawing, small hand winches, such as that shown in Fig. 68, are employed. This apparatus saves considerable labor. It is particularly useful in sawing bevels on long straight pieces. For sawing out the frames of a 300-foot vessel, a gang of seven to nine men, using the equipment just de- scribed, is employed. It takes such a gang about nine weeks to saw out the 100 frames in the ship. If the gang turns out four complete single frames in an 8-hour shift, a good day’s work has been accomplished. If greater speed is desired, more men and _ equipment must be employed. After the frame sections are sawed out, they must be assembled. This operation is shown in Figs. 51, 52 and 64. The framing stage of a southern shipyard also is shown in Fig. 72. The framing stage, on which the various sections are assembled, is located usu- ally at the head of the building slip. Sometimes, as in Fig. 50, it is built THE MARINE REVIEW right alongside the keel so that the assembled frames do not have to be moved before they are rolled up into place. Preferably, however, the framing stage should be level. At all events it should have a plane surface. As shown in Fig. 51, wedges are used to bring the various sections or futtocks to proper alignment. The joints, it will be noted, do not fit exactly. They, therefore, are resawed using cross-cut saws as shown in Fig. 52. This. illus- tration shows the frame after the doub- ling frame is in place. The several futtocks must be fastened together be- fore, the frame is hoisted into place. Usually wooden treenails, such as those _ shown at the left in Fig. 64, are utilized for this purpose. The tops of the frames also are tied together by means of cross spalls. Single pieces of 2 x 6- inch timber usually are employed for this purpose. After the frame has been assembled as shown in Fig. 64 it must be raised) into position. Various methods are em- ployed. . Perhaps the most rapid and efficient is that illustrated in Fig. 65, using the traveling derrick described in the chapter published in the August is- sue of THE Martine Review. As this illustration indicates, the derrick readily picks up the frame and takes it down to its proper position on the keel. The derrick also is of advantage in the plumbing and horning operations. As soon as the frame is secured in place, it is fastened to its neighbor by means of light tie pieces and small bolts as shown in Fig. 50. Groups of frames when they are erected, are later tied together by ribbands as shown in Figs. 71 and 78. The derrick shown in Fig. 65 is at the plant of the Sloan Ship- yards Corp., Olympia, Wash. When the services of a derrick or crane are not available, the simpler method of rolling the frame into posi- tion by means of tackle as shown in Fig. 66 may be employed. This method of raising frames is employed in the yard shown in Fig. 50. This illustra- tion shows clearly how the frame is hoisted into position using tackle fast- ened to the upper ends of frames al- ready raised. Southern Practice A good view of a set of frames after hoisting is shown in Fig. 74. This illustrates the practice of a Georgia yard. It will be noted that two sets of ties are used to hold the frames together. Another view of the frame construction of a wooden’ motor schooner built in the same yard is shown in Fig. 79. This shows how natural -crooks are employed to strengthen the frame members near the bow. It must be admitted that these frames are stronger than those which October, 1917 are merely sawed out. There is not, however, enough timber of suitable character available to permit any large number of ships being built in this country in the manner shown in Fig. pe Detailed views of modern methods of fastening sawed frame futtocks to- gether are shown in Figs, 69, 70, 7, and 78. The standard Pacific coast and Gulf construction is shown in Fig. 77. These frames are sawed out as previ- ously described and as the illustration just mentioned indicates, the futtocks are fastened together by wooden tree- nails and drift bolts. Other shipbuild- ers, notably Fred A. Ballin, Portland, Oreg., use the bolted construction illus- trated in Figs. 69, 70, and 78. Two bolts are carried through each end of the futtock forming a solid joint. Further Construction Details Further details of methods of shoring up frames after they are erected may be obtained from a study of Fig. 71. These shores are 6 inches square and it will be noted they are wedged to a bearing. The ribbands which hold the frames to- gether temporarily are about 4 inches square and are spiked once to each frame. They are, of course, removed when the planking goes on. Wedges driven by hand mauls usually are em- ployed for this purpose. In some cases, 6 x 6-inch ribbands are used. As a matter of fact, their exact dimensions are of no consequence. Neither is it necessary that they follow the diagonal lines as some old-line shipbuilders stipu- late. Their sole purpose is simply to hold the frames together temporarily. In setting frames, it is customary to start at the after end of the boat as shown in Fig. 65. Sometimes, how- ever, the after cant frames are omitted, the square body being framed up first. In other yards, particularly in the south, the floors are first laid, and some of the keelsons bolted down, after which the side futtocks of the frames are set in place as shown in Fig. 81. The frames, of course, cannot be se- cured by ribbands until the builder is sure they are set square with the keel and with each other. The following method may be employed to determine whether or not the frame is vertically square to the keel. Drop a plumb from the middle of the cross spall to the floor. Then measure the thickness of the cross spall from the joint of the frame, and set off this distance from the joint on the floor. The plumb should fall as much abaft this point as is given by the product of the declivity of the keel blocks per foot by the number of feet in the height of the cross spall above the floor. Of course, this is on the supposition that the frames are to be square to the keel which is true al- (Concluded on page 383.)