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April, 1919 ——— VERY SLOW NOTEAD Way 187 DIAGRAM SHOWING MANEUVERING ABILITY OF PATENTED REVERSING AND CONTROL RUDDER With this device they could use a sclid shaft, solid propeller and always keep a constant load on the engine. How the device will work out on a N editorial in a recent issue of Engineering, London, discusses forced lubrication for marine turbines, and points out that with the general adoption of turbines on all classes of ocean ~ vessels, in most of which, unlike the English navy, there are only two engineers on watch, it has become necessary to give the subject of lubrication consid- erable thought with a view to obtain- ing a degree of simplicity and de- pendability which will reduce atten- tion to a minimum. As every trade route has its own conditions, it is im- possible to devise a system suitable for every class of ship, but the fol- lowing system is claimed to meet the requirements of many _ single-screw cargo-carrying vessels in the ordinary trade routes. The article describes a combined gravity and forced system consisting simply of a pump taking oil from a drain tank and discharging it through a cooler to a gravity tank, from which it falls to the turbine bearings, etc., and back to the drain tank; or it can be by-passed, in which case it does not enter the gravity tank but is forced direct to the machinery. The following main fittings would be re- quired for such a system, and are stated in the order in which the oil would pass through them when travel- ing from the drain tank to, the tur- bines: One drain tank; two oil strain- ers, one for each pump; two pumps, one working and one stand-by; one oil cooler; two gravity tanks; one combined oil distributor and water- and-sludge collector. The drain tank should be of suffi- cient capacity when full to supply oil rication for large vessel, however, is a question for future solution and this probably will be decided through actual -tests within a short time. Jf practicable for 15 minutes, assuming that none is returning to the drain tank. It should be a self-contained unit placed in a cofferdam in the double bottom rather than built into it, and should be easy of removal for examination. The top should be not less than six inches below the bottom of the gear case to insure a ready drain, and not less than three inches above the double-bottom tank to clear bilge water. In addition to the drain and suction-pipe connections a float-level indicator can be fitted so as to be easily observed from the starting platform. The body of the oil strainer may be of cast iron, having a cover easy of removal. The straining grid may be a gun-metal casting or a steel tube perforated with holes, say, 1 inch ‘in diameter, but in either case the area through the grid should be about 10 times that of the suction pipe. A suitable straining medium is a 24- mesh wire gauze, which should be properly secured to the grid. The gauze will, however, reduce the effec- tive area through the grid by about one-half. — The oil cooler may take the same form as a steam condenser, with sim- ilar tubes and packing, but with the water circulating around the outside of the tubes with preferably a four or six flow to insure good circulation. As, ‘however, it is economically im- possible to render the flow of oil tur- bulent, which makes the rate of heat transfer low, certain firms construct their coolers in a different way. The water is passed through the tubes, and the oil outside. Numerous baf- fles are fitted to cause the oil to flow for large craft, the device should prove particularly valuable for installa- tion on vessels equipped with turbine engines, to permit of ready reversing. up and down in zigzag fashion across the cooling tubes, and at each abrupt change in direction a certain disturb- ance is produced in the laminar flow of the oil, which facilitates the inter- change of heat. At present, knowl- edge of oil coolers is in its infancy and there is much room for research and careful design. The present prac- tice admits of oil discharging to tur- bines at 80 degrees Fahr. and leav- ing them at a maximum of 120 degrees Fahr. The combined oil lubricator and water-and-sludge collector need be nothing more than a cylindrical cast- ing of sufficient depth to admit of water and sludge gathering at the bot- tom while oil flows out at the top to the bearings and gear sprayers. It is desirable to fit separate connections from the distributor to the bearings and gear sprayers with a controlling valve at each, which facilitates ad- justments whereby’ bearings and sprayers will each receive their prop- er share of the oil. A water draw-off cock placed about 12 inches from the bottom and a door for removal of sludge are to be provided. The tur- bine pipes and fittings should be test- ed to 50 pounds per square inch, with the exception of the tanks, for which a 5-pound test is sufficient. A relief valve should be provided near the pump, set to blow off at 50 pounds per square inch and having an outlet led to the pump suction. American Lumber Co., Millville, Fla., formerly owned by Germans and taken over by the alien property custodian, is building a ship for the Emergency Fleet corporation.