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10 MARINE without doubt the most specific and definite in its na- ture. In this work, both as regards its engineering staffs and shops the shipyard was on solid ground, it was entirely at home. This work can be divided into two general parts, first the overhaul and repair of all existing machinery to be continued in use anc. Sec- ond, the complete installation into the machinery sys- tem of replacements and additional equipment. Four Parsons reaction type turbines each direct- connected to separate shafts constitute the main drive of the ship. Each turbine casing was lifted and a thorough detailed inspection was made; all repairs necessary to blading and bearings was carried out with the utmost care. Clearances and alignments were carefully checked up and corrected as needed. Condensors. were retubed and all pumps and auxiliar- ies were placed in good working order. The lagging on all steam and exhaust piping and surfaces was given particular attention and an especially good job was done in this respect, far superior to the original work and the results will show greater economy in steam. Valves and piping were overhauled or renewed. The 46 boilers were thoroughly cleaned, scaled and coated, tubes were swept clean and tubes showing signs of deterioration were renewed. The entire refrigerating machinery and auxiliary outfits of carbon dioxide type were thoroughly overhauled. Engine signal systems, controls for operation, lubricating system and the hy- draulic watertight doors control were all reconditioned and improved. The elaborate steering and windlass machinery and gear received careful attention and was placed in good order. The original electrical machinery was reconditioned and one 500 kilowatt General Electric turbine reduc- tion geared generator was in- stalled) A new ‘auxiliary lighting set of two units, 60 kilowatts each, Worthington diesel engines direct-connected to. Generh Electric’: gener- ators was installed complete in a special compartment on ie. -atter’ ena ool E odeck This description is only a bare outline of the variety and the detail of the machin- ery reconditioning. Tn 8 Peeeaste Heck ship nearly 1000 feet long, 100. feet wide with nine complete: decks, “with “a maximum: of. 100,000 horsepower in the main machinery, with 46 boilers supplying the steam, with auxiliary machinery from a 1/6-horsepower motor running an apple paring ma- chine to a 500 kilowatt generator, with machinery of all kinds for all manner of service such as raising and lowering the lifeboats, blowers for the ventilat- ing system, passenger and freight elevators, dumb REVIEW July, 1923 waiters, hoists and cargo winches, thousands of va- ried and intricate tasks were quickly and efficiently performed by the machinery department. i he Heating System Is Copper NY one familiar with ship work knows what a maze and network of piping is necessary in the simplest cargo ship. One can easily imagine the mul- tiplication in quantity and the far greater complexity of the piping of a ship like the LEvIATHAN carrying a possible maximum, including the crew, of nearly 5000 persons. All of this piping did not, of course, have to be renewed, but the extent of new piping and re- newal of old lines was immense iz ihe aggregate. For instance, in converting from coal to oil, a complete system of oil filling and suction pipes had to be in- stalled. Lines of pipe which would make it pos- sible to transfer oil from the deep bunker tanks, and lines from the double bottom tanks to the settling tanks were installed as well as lines from the settling tanks to the burners by way of the oil heaters. Steam and exhaust piping, bilge and ballast lines, fresh water and salt water lines form a veritable net work through- out the ship. All of these lines had to be carefully gone over foot by foot and tested and renewed where necessary. The plumbing was in itself an exceedingly large contract and meant months of difficult and compli- cated work. In the steam heating, copper piping was specified throughout with radiators of coil or door sill type. It is said that over 200,000 pounds of copper pipe was used and this can be readily visualized when it is considered that approximately 2000 separate radia- tors were installed. Brazed metal flanges were used throughout and solid drawn copper tubing %g-inch and 14-inch in diameter was used for both steam and exhaust. Though the steam heating system is to op- erate at a maximum pressure of 30 pounds per square inch, it was all tested to 75 pounds. Furthermore, all the steam piping for heating purposes between the auxiliary steam line and the outlet of the last reduc- ing valve was tested to 460 pounds per square inch. No ship, it is safe to say, has ever had a steam heat- ing system installed under such drastic specifications and of such quality of material. eee New System of Ventilation HE ventilation system was thoroughly revamped. However, all of the original electric motors and blowers were found to be in such condition that they were made use of after having been placed in per- fect working condition. Additional motors, direct connected to fans were necessary and for this equip- ment Sturtevant blowers and Diehl motors were used. Most interesting and important in the new ventilat- ing system is the materially increased safety of the ship which has resulted from changing the old sys- | 4 q ; 4 ‘