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orig Modern yand Dock M E Practical Ways to Cut “Costs in’ Cargo Handling Hay Conducted by H.E.STOCKER laim Prevention Department Shows New Way to Greater Pro its NE of the duties of the depart- O ment of claim prevention would be the study of commod- ity characteristics and the filing and use of this information to provide correct stowage and handling. This is necessarily done at present but few steamship companies have developed this information and the application of it to the fullest practical extent. Each company should keep careful records of claims made by consignees © and should analyze these according to types of loss or damage, probable cause or causes of loss, where loss or damage probably occurred, nature of commodity, etc. The types of loss or damage are roughly as follows: theft and pilferage; non-delivery; ullage; leakage; loss of weight; heat; sweat; mold; ship sweat; fresh water; sea 46 By R. Bruce Miller contact with other cargo; con- taint; vermin; fuel oil; crushing; chafing; hook water; tamination; breakage; damage. These losses may be caused by any one or a combination of the following improper or inadequate checking; pro- tection; handling; stowage; design of gear; ship design; ship operation and maintenance; improper packing. The human element, the inherent suscepti- bility of a commodity to damage and perils of the sea are of course contrib- utory factors and should be noted and gaged but they can not be pre- vented and are seldom the sole cause of damage. The known fragility of eggs, plate glass and X-ray tubes for example should simply point out the necessity for special care in handling, stowage, etc. UUCUQULIDNNTIVUNULEOOUUOUONUT ETOH A Neat and Secure Draft Obtained by a Little Care in Stacking and in Adjustment of Spreaders AUNNIUILVOOQNUTTETOAYTUAENNDNT TONNE MARINE REVIEwW—January, 1931 I have briefly indicated some ele- ments of loss analysis. In order to make this analysis, however, it is es- sential that the information on which the analysis is based be accurate and complete. This requires not only care- ful inspection and supervision from the time shipments are received until they are delivered but also an intelli- gent and complete survey report. Some one with a knowledge of the correct principles of case and crate design should make a brief inspection - of all cases received and report all flagrant instances of improper pack- ing. Checkers should note the details of any cases received in apparent bad order. Handling on the dock should be under constant supervision and any damage occurring on the dock report- ed immediately. All containers to be recoopered should be examined and details noted before recoopering. Loading and _ discharge operations should be observed carefully and damage occurring in these operations inspected and reported. Similar super vision should be exercised in the holds to note cargo damage during stowage or there detected and like wise during breaking out of cargo. More damage undoubtedly occurs im breaking out of cargo than in stowage and difficulty in breaking out cargo should be reported as this can often be prevented by changing the method of stowage or using more or different dunnage. The supervision noted above need not require a large staff of trained.