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one per cent of her remained and 99 per cent were new. No one who knows even a little of the restoration can write of this his- torical event, without giving voice to the credit that belongs to Lieut. John A. Lord, United States navy, who, at the inception of the work was placed in direct charge of the design, recon- struction, and research that have brought forth the finished product. Lieutenant Lord, born and reared in the state of Maine, has given to the ConstiTuTIoNn the best part of the past five years. Combining a rare practical ability as a builder and designer of wooden ships, with an equally rare creative makeup, he has carried for- ward the work of reconstruction with the infinite patience that goes with laborious research. We have seen that congress in 1925 authorized the restoration of the Con- STITUTION. The money, however, for the work was to come from voluntary subscription. The magnitude of this task could scarcely be fully realized as the preliminary plans for raising the funds were inaugurated. It ap- peared at first that $400,000 would be ‘needed; later the first estimate had to be revised sharply upwards. First it was jumped to $473,725, then $650,654. A vast business undertaking was in- volved in the raising of about $650,000, through donations and the sales of pic- tures and souvenirs. <A very sizable task was entailed in the distribution of prints of Gordon Grant’s notable painting of “Old Ironsides.” This pic- ture was very popular; more than a million of them were distributed. To systematize this work and to pro- -mote the publicity incident to it there was formed a national committee known as “Save-Old-Ironsides” commit- tee. Of this Rear Admiral Philip Andrews, United States navy, com- mandant of the Boston navy yard and first naval district was chairman from October 1925 on. He labored prodigi- ously and with love and zeal. In April 1930, congress appropriated funds supplementary to the amounts raised by the committee, and this en- abled the work to go forward. Aside from the actual labor of the rebuilding of the CoNnsTITUTION there has been the task of research into a thousand and one avenues that must be followed to ascertain the details of fit- tings, rigging, boats, galley, and gen- eral living conditions on board at the time of her greatest victories, 1812-14. This task has devolved on Lieutenant Lord and his assistants in the Boston navy yard. Many highways and by-ways in out-of-the-way corners of New Eng- land have been scoured in the endeavor to produce for us the exact atmosphere of 120 odd years ago. Lieutenant Lord has been equal to this task. In fact it might be said that © the restoration of the CoNnsTITUTION be- gan when he was twelve years old. Then he knew and talked with aged sailors in Bath, Me., who as boys them- selves sailed on her. 20 Up to the time this research was un- dertaken only meager knowledge was in possession of any one person as to the details that went into the vessel. Many years ago all the small and mov- able articles of equipment of the ship had been removed and subsequently lost or destroyed. The void caused by this was very great. For example, when the restoration began all of the CoNSTITUTION’S guns had been removed and their where- abouts could not be ascertained. In the making of new guns it therefore was necessary to make careful and exact researches to determine the shape, size, bore, etc., of the ConsTrTUTION’s origin- al guns. These consisted of long 24- pounders, bow chasers, and spar deck carronades. To go with these guns re- search had to be made of the gun ram- mers, gun sponges, cannon balls, rope matches, powder horns, powder bags, powder ‘“kags,” powder magazines, shell rooms. Exactitude in these was necessary and was attained. In connection with the CoNSsSTITU- TION’s original guns it is interesting to note how re- search has in- dicated that about half of the 24-pounder guns used by her in © -1812 England. The repro d u ctions show the Royal English coat of arms on_ the upper surface midway be- tween the touchhole and the muzzle. With this coat of arms are the letters “G. R.”’—George Rex. It is thought that the guns used in 1812 had a short life; they were made of cast iron and probably soon became cracked and corroded. Research alone could determine the Shape and materials of hundreds of other articles entailed in the restora- tion. For example, the harness casks for holding salt meats and salt fish; barrels for hard tack: hand and Ieg irons for recalcitrant sailors; cat-o-nine tails; the sick bay with its ancient mor- tar and pestle for pounding the herbs and roots to make drugs and medi- cines; the drinking water hogsheads, that is, scuttlebutt; the oil lamps that burned whale oil; the smoking lamp from which the sailors got light for their pipes; the boats—the pinnace, the gig and the whaleboats. And now all this work is done. Done too are those lofty masts, rising heaven- ward—masts topped by topmasts and topgallant masts; crossed by graceful spars—yards—carrying courses, top- sails, topgallant sails and royals. Ex- tending from these yards are the taper- ing stunsail booms the counterparts of which bore the light stunsails for light air sailing. Commander L. J. Gulliver MARINE REVIEW—July, 1931 were cast in, Out from “Old Ironsides’ stem, proj- ects at the sharpest angle, the mighty bowsprit supporting at its outer part the jib boom that in turn holds steady the slender flying jib boom, all thrust- ing themselves ahead 74 feet. The manner in which the Constrrv- TION fought and won sea fights for the young republic was unique; she fought in single combat—no sister vessels sup- ported her. The manner in which “Old Ironsides” has been rebuilt and re- stored is likewise unique. Three disinguished admirals of our navy have labored so that the restora- tion should be an accomplished fact. Two of these we have spoken of. Since June, 1930, Rear Admiral Louis M. Nulton, United States navy, command- ant of the Boston navy yard and first naval district, has devoted himself un- tiringly to make this restoration com- plete. Naval officers and men of more than a century gone manned the ConstiTv- TION. She brought them safely through battle and storm. Naval men of 1931 will again man this ship. They will en- deavor, in the ways given them, to maintain untarnished her traditions. Certify Ocean Mail Routes Responding to certifications re- ceived from the postmaster general, the shipping board on July 17 certi- fied two new ocean mail routes with respect to the type, size, speed and other characteristics of vessels es- sential to the future development of the trades involved. The routes and requirements certified by the board are as follows: Mobile, Ala., or other east Gulf of Mexico ports of the United States to the United Kingdom and other north European ports—Substitution of not less than 10 ships having a minimum of 4900 gross tons and at least 13- knot speed, at least four of such ships to be equipped with suitable refrig- eration space to accommodate perish- able cargoes. (The Mobile Oceanic line, sold by the shipping board but not yet delivered to the Waterman Steamship Co. of Mobile, operates a service covering this route.) New York and/or other north At- lantic ports of the United States to Rotterdam and Antwerp—Substitu- tion of not less than five ships hav- ing a minimum of 5000 gross tons and at least 16-knot speed to be equipped with suitable refrigeration space. (The American Diamond lines, sold but not yet delivered to the Black Diamond Steamship Corp. of New York, operates a service covering this route. ) Harland & Wolff, Ltd., members of the Royal Mail group, operating ship- yards at Belfast and Glasgow, re- port a net profit for 1930 of £367,- 882, compared with £674,874 in 1929. Directors state that a plan for capital reorganization will be submitted to shareholders.