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that everything possible consistent with good management be done to reduce costs. Nothing is more char- acteristic of the best managed com- panies in shipping or any other in- dustry than a well developed safety program because the best manage- ment “keeps its eye on the Dal os net profits, and does everything that aids reaching this objective. A dollar saved in a safety prégram is worth more than a dollar saved in fuel, re- pairs or reduced wages because it re- duces costs and improves morale at the same time. Also it eliminates the indirect cost of accidents, which is not a characteristic of other types of waste. An analysis of the results obtained by a number of shipping and steve- doring companies who have availed themselves of the United States Pro- tection & Indemnity agency’s safety program show that safety engineering results in large financial savings. One company saved $100,000 by a reduction of 54 per cent in the sever- ity rate resulting from the work of safety engineers during a period of one year. : Another company handled 100 per eent more cargo per accident in the year they adopted their safety work than they did the year previously— and over 100 per cent in the costs of their accidents. Savings in Proportion to Effort The possible savings made are in direct proportion to the efforts ex- pended, and will reach their highest point when complete co-operation is forthcoming. On the Pacific coast much excel- lent work has been done by safety engineers. A large steamship line estimates its savings due to its safety program in effect for several years as $30,000. a year, and it was found that efficiency of the work increased rather than decreased. It is characteristic of the intelli- gent safety program that the volume of work done is improved rather than decreased by improving safety con- ditions. This result is so character- istic of all conditions that the Ameri- ean Engineering council has stated that “maximum production is de- pendent upon the reduction of acci- dents to an irreducible minimum.” This is true because the steps taken to prevent accidents prevent the use of wasteful methods. Stopping pack- ages from falling from trucks not only prevents the accidents that happened when a case falls on a man’s foot but also saves damage to the cases that fall off the trucks. The best designed hatch cover pre- Vents many accidents that result from using the usual wooden hatch covers, but in addition reduce steve- doring costs every time a hatch is wncovered or covered. The chief reason for the lack of a steater extension of safety work in VUUUUTUUECUTGGL EAU CCTV AT, Port skid with side nets and cover asa protection to men working cargo. HUUOUOUUTTEAUUUCATUUTAUUATT AUTH UAE industry is the lack of the under- standing of the dollars and cents value of safety work and a failure to direct managerial attention, to the greatest opportunities for profit and in profit—to the possible profits in each division of the work of the com- pany. It would sometimes seem as though some executives are more in- terested in the conservation of their companies’ physical and mechanical properties, both ashore or afloat, than in the human element, while the damage done to the latter in many instances is financially a more seri- ous drain on their treasuries. The group which owns the United States Protection & Indemnity Agency, Ine., when taking over the agency from the shipping board in June 1929, immediately recognized the need for a vigorous safety cam- paign. This group includes the follow- ing companies: American Insurance Co., American Eagle Fire Insurance Co., Continental Insurance Co., Fidel- ity- Phenix Fire Insurance Co., Fire- men’s Insurance Co., Glens Falls Insurance Co., Hanover Fire Insur- ance Co., who are represented in marine affairs by the Marine Office of America. These associated com- panies spend large sums in safety work, knowing that a return is pos- sible only by reduction of accidents. Since reduced accidents bring re- duced insurance rates, it is logical for steamship companies and steve- dores to do their part in safety pro- CROPANUAEENECEELUUSEUUULUEN LANE PDEA Net at corner of "tween deck hatch to prevent packages falling into hold from Truck asit makes turn. TTATTUTACT TERRE PAHO MARINE Review—October, 1 931 grams and to co-operate to the maxi- mum with insurance companies. Thorough management goes after every dollar with equal effectiveness either through members of the or- ganization or with the aid of outside agencies that have certain specialized training and experience. When an executive’s training and experience are such that he cannot properly attend to specialized work such as ship or engine design, he em- ploys a naval architect or a marine engineer. When he is not trained in modern safety methods he should avail himself of the service of a well trained safety program. It is the logical and profitable step to be taken particularly in times of depres- sion when a dollar saved is worth much more than in times of better business conditions. Test Shipments of Wheat The long awaited movement of wheat to Europe via Canada’s new seaport at Churchill, Manitoba, got under way Aug. 25, when a train of 20 ears loaded by the Canadian Co- operative Wheat Producers, Ltd., from the government elevator at Saskatoon, left over the lines of the Canadian National railway. The load- ing of the first ship was scheduled for between Sept. 15 and 20 and the second between Sept. 20 and 25. ° 37