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America Cup Defenders Built for 1930 Races Enterprise Weetamoe Yankee Whirlwind Owner ts ce W. Aldrich et al e Nichols et al J. S. Lawrence et al Thorne Syndicate Desienet co eed e at creck Brea & Morgan Ltd. H. Crane Paine Belknap & Skene Li erreshoff Binders cscs een ee eee oe eee es Herreshoff Mfg. Co. Herscsoe Mfg. Co. | G. Lawley & Son Corp. G. Lawley & Son Corp. Gone tHOCIION oacsk Oe cle eee we eunenare Steel with bronbe plating Steel with bronze plating Steel with bronze plating Composite ecb Bree ican eae c Wek aca ease CB: CoB: No C. B. No TV Pek ls eee ers eens Sloop Sloop Sloop Sloop iene (Gracies oe eee aes 120.82 125.8 125,95 130.0 Peenethy Cwlyik as ee eae s nis essen 80.0 83.0 85.0 86.0 IBreaOthioe oe os ee a gee ares 2254 20.25 DIES 21.6 TOTS Nabe me aie De aetna ar 14.5 15.0 15.0 15.5 that the cup was donated on condition that it would be preserved as a per- petual challenge cup for friendly com- petition. Any organized yacht club of a foreign country shall be entitled to the right of sailing a match for this cup, using a yacht or vessel propelled by sails only, and constructed in the country to which the challenging club belongs, against a yacht constructed in the country of the club holding the cup. The competing vessel, if of one mast, shall be not less than 65 feet nor more than 90 feet on the water- line, and if of more than one mast, the vessels shall not be less than 80 feet nor more than 115 feet waterline length. How Challenges are Made The challenging club shall give 19 month’s notice in writing, naming the dates proposed for the races, no race to be sailed between Nov. 1 and May 1 Accompanying the 10 month’s notice there must be sent the name of the owner, and a certificate of the name, rig, and general dimensions of the vessel. Competing yachts must pro- ceed under sail, on their own bottoms, to the port where the contest is to take place. Centre-boards can be used. The following were the conditions of the last contest. The winner of four races out of seven shall be entitled to the cup. All such races shall be on an ocean course, free from headlands. The first, third, fifth and seventh races to be 15 nautical miles to windward or leeward and return; and the sec- ond, fourth and sixth races, to be a triangular race of 10 nautical miles each side. One day shall intervene be- tween the conclusion of one race and the starting of the next, Sundays ex- cepted. The cup remained unchallenged from 1851 to 1870 when the first con- test was held between the Maaic and the CAMBRIA. The accompanying table gives the particulars of the 14 con- tests, giving the contesting and defend- ing yachts, owners, designers, builders and dimensions. In this table ‘“K” represents keel yachts and “CB” centre-board yachts. For this informa- tion the writer is indebted to the New York Yacht club, being mostly taken from data given on models owned by this club. Probably no one man has had more influence on the trend of yacht design over such an extended period than N. G. Herreshoff; five defenders: VIGILANT, DreFeNDER, CoLtumnBia, RELI- ANCE and RESOLUTE, all having been built to his designs. His strict atten- tion to details, small and great, was very striking, and resulted in further cutting down in weights, particularly in the topsides. It is only fair to couple with Mr. Hereshoff’s fame as a yacht designer, the name of William Gardner. His most famous yacht was the VANITIE which was almost chosen as cup defender in 1920. In fact many yachtsmen still maintain that the VANITIE is a faster all round yacht than the RESOLUTE. It was welcome news in the fall of 1929, when, after a ten year’s rest, Sir Thomas Lipton presented his fifth challenge to contest again for the cup. Four Defenders Built On the American side, four syndi- cates were formed to build one pro- posed defender yacht each. The first yacht to be contracted for, the ENTER- PRISE, was designed by W. S. Burgess, son of the famous designer of the PURITAN, MAYFLOWER and VOLUNTEER. The ENTERPRISE was built by the Here- shoff Mfg. Co., Bristol, R. I. The other three proposed defenders were WEETA- MOE, YANKEE and WHIRLWIND. One of the accompanying tables gives the gen- eral dimensions and features of the four yachts. The masts average 165 feet in length, or approximately twice the waterline length, and everything pos- sible has been done to reduce wind resistance above deck to a minimum. Sufficient information is given in the accompanying table to show the rela- tive dimensions of the four defense Resolute, the defender in 1920 MARINE REVIEwW—January, 1934 yachts built in 1930, any one of which could be selected to defend the cup in. 1934. In this connection it is well to remember that: (a) length gives speed, (b) beam gives power and sta- bility under canvas, and (c) draft gives stability and lateral resistance. SHAMROCK V was a composite yacht with a centre-board. Her length overall was 119 feet, 10 inches; length on waterline, 81 feet, 1 inch; breadth, 19: feet, 7 inches and draft 14 feet, & inches. Prior to the 1930 contest, the coti- struction was left entirely to the de- signer’s fancy. In December, 1924, how- ever, representations. having been made to the New York Yacht club that suitable regulations should be made, the club appointed a commit- tee to “investigate criticisms of pos- sible loop-holes in the present Amer- ican rule of measurement with a view of advising the club what changes if any should be made.’’ The report of the committee was approved in January, 1928 in the form of an amendment to the racing rules, requiring that all new yachts be built in accordance with Lloyd’s rules for the construction and classification of yachts. This amendment applied to both the challenger and proposed de- fenders, at the 1930 race, and will ap- ply to the 1934 proposed race. This rule ensures a parity of strength and weight in both the challenging and de- fending yachts. Since the construction of the yachts taking part in the last race, in 1930, a further amendment to the rules has been adopted, which incorporates new requirements regarding mast, boom, and running gear. It also stipulates that accommodations be provided un- der deck for sleeping and living quar- ters for the crew. This eliminates the use of under deck hand reel for the running gear. In other words the yachts must be equipped in a thorough- ly up-to-date seagoing condition, in which the running gear is handled on deck and the crew can sleep aboard. This will make some quite important changes in the next cup challenger and defender and the effect on the sailing qualities will be watched with interest. The 1934 Challenge The new challenge has come from the Royal Yacht Squadron in behalf of T. O. M. Sopwith, owner of SHAm- RocK V and VELSHEDA, and the chal- lenge has been accepted by the New York Yacht club. Mr. Sopwith has 13