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sult of the company’s extensive re- search work in welding, plays an im- portant part in the process, since, as has been stated, it protects the molten weld metal from the atmosphere dur- ing deposition. If the metal were not so protected, the oxygen and nitrogen present in the surrounding air would combine with the iron in the molten metal, forming oxides and _ nitrides that, in turn, would render the weld metal weak, or brittle, or both. The flux, by forming a blanket over the liquid and semi-liquad metal in the weld groove, prevents this contami- nation by the atmosphere, and, when the layer of weld metal or bead is laid and cooled, the solidified, brittle slag is easily removed, and the bright weld metal exposed for the laying of the next bead. In the development of the welding process, considerable thought was given to the shape of the bead and to its convexity or concavity, since this factor would make easy or difficult the removal of the slag after a bead was laid, and would affect the ten- dency of the bead to trap or entrain particles of slag during subsequent de- position. It is of interest to note that the shape of bead finally adopted pre- vents the formation of small grooves or channels in which slag could lodge, and the cleaning operation is so com- plete as to obviate the possibility of slag inclusions due to improper prepa- ration for the succeeding layer, Weld Metal in Thin Layers The deposition of the weld metal in relatively thin layers results in the tendency of each deposit to anneal the preceding layer, and eliminates the danger of damage to the grain struc- ture of the plate metal adjacent to the weld. That this method of metal de- position accomplished the desired re- sult is shown by numerous photomi- crographic studies made during the development of the welding process and continued as part of the routine in the regular production of fusion AZ Nine of the 24 Babcock & Wil- cox bvotiler drums with fu- sion welded seams for scout cruisers of the United States navy. Ordered in 19380. First boilers of this construction for naval ves- sels 4 © Section of shop levoted to weld- ing at the Bar- berton, O., plant of The Babcock & Wilcox Co. Welded equip- ment of widely varied size and type canbe produced in this shop A welded boiler drums and unfired pres- sure vessels. (To be Continued) Machinery for Submarines Will Not be Delayed The Elliott Co., Ridgeway, Pa., working on a sub-contract from the Winton Engine Corp., calling for de- liveries during July, August, Sep- tember and October of sixteen 900- kilowatt generators, sixteen 1075- horespower motors, twelve 190-kilo- watt generators, submarine control equipment and reduction gears, for submarines 172, 1738, 174 and 175, now under construction by the HElec- tric Boat Co. and the Portsmouth N. H. navy yard, complained early in May to the national recovery adminis- tration that these contracts could not be fulfilled under the 36-hour week restrictions of the electrical code. A letter from officials of the Elliott Co. was supported by one from Henry L. Roosevelt, assistant secretary of the navy, in which he urged the re- covery administration to do all in its power to aid the company. The Elliott people stated that though they were using every available skilled workman possible, 36 hours per week MARINE REVIEwW—June, 1934 were not enough, and added that the contracts had been bid for before the adoption of the code, and no provi- sion had been made in them for the * payment of overtime penalties. Code Permits Extra Hours A simple solution of this difficulty was disclosed when the authorities of the recovery administration, in ex- amining the electreal code, found that it clearly stated, where seasonal or peak demand or legitimate emer- gencies must be met, the industry may work its skilled employes beyond the 36-hour limit, the only require- ment being that at the end of each month any such overtime be reported to the code authority in terms of extra man-hours worked and _ the reason therefore. This point was immediately called to the attention of the Elliott Co. and machinery for the submarines will be finished on time. U. S. Fleet Transits Canal The entire United States fleet in com- pany, comprising a total of 110 vessels, which for some time past have been stationed in Pacific waters, began tran- sit of the Panama canal, from the Pa- cific to the Atlantic side, between five and six o’clock on the morning of April 23 and successfully completed the transit, at Colon on the Atlantic side, at 5 o’clock on the morning of April 25. The whole operation cov- ered an elapsed time of 47 hours. <Ad- miral D. F. Sellers, commander-in- chief of the fleet, in a message to Sec- retary Swanson, said in part: “The continuous transit of the canal by the fleet as a unit has been a very valuable experience for all hands and it is believed that much useful data has been obtained. It is suggested that suitable acknowledgement be made to the war department for the efficient manner in which everything connected with the transit of the fleet has been handled by the canal authori- ties.”